Abstract: In an electrophotographic process using an amorphous silicon photosensitive member which has a surface protective layer and effecting reverse development and cleaning with a cleaning blade, the surface moving speed PS (mm/sec) of the photosensitive member is 320 mm/sec or more and a film thickness and a specific resistance value of the surface protective layer are respectively Ds (&mgr;m) and Rs (&OHgr;·cm) which fulfill the following conditions: 1.0×109≦Rs≦1.0×1013 Ds≦−0.136Ln(Rs)+(−0.004×PS+6).

Abstract: A first aluminum alloy of the present invention comprises Mg: 0.3-6 mass %, Si: 0.3-10 mass %, Zn: 0.05-1 mass %, Sr: 0.001-0.3 mass % and the balance being Al and impurities. A second aluminum alloy further contains one or more selective additional elements selected from the group consisting of Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zr, Ti, Na and Ca. Furthermore, a third aluminum alloy comprises Mg: 0.1-6 mass %, Si: 0.3-12.5 mass %, Cu: 0.01 mass % or more but less than 1 mass %, Zn: 0.01-3 mass %, Sr: 0.001-0.5 mass % and the balance being Al and impurities. Furthermore, a fourth aluminum alloy further includes one or more optional additional elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, B, C, Fe, Cr, Mn, Zr, V, Sc, Ni, Na, Sb, Ca, Sn, Bi and In.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes the steps of: cleaning a substrate of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by cleaning step using a vessel and machining the substrate. The cleaning step includes a first overflowing step and a second overflowing step. In the first overflowing step, the liquid is allowed to be overflowed from a vessel while the substrate of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is immersed in the liquid contained in the vessel. In the second overflowing step, the liquid is allowed to overflow from a vessel while the substrate of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is pulled up in the liquid contained in the vessel. A flow rate Q2 of the overflowing liquid of the second overflowing step is higher than a flow rate Q1 of the overflowing liquid of the first overflowing step. The machining step forms a film of a photosensitive substance on the substrate.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic process using an amorphous silicon photosensitive member which has a surface protective layer and effecting reverse development and cleaning with a cleaning blade, the surface moving speed PS (mm/sec) of the photosensitive member is 320 mm/sec or more and a film thickness and a specific resistance value of the surface protective layer are respectively Ds (&mgr;m) and Rs (&OHgr;·cm) which fulfill the following conditions:

Abstract: A method for performing a cleaning process uses a cleaning gas and high-frequency power upon a film deposition apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate placed in a reactor chamber which can be evacuated to a low pressure. Supplying of high-frequency power is temporarily stopped in the middle of the cleaning process, and the cleaning process is restarted by again supplying high-frequency power. This method is capable of effectively removing by-products from the inside of a reactor chamber and makes it possible to form a high-quality deposition film, in particular, a high-quality electrophotographic photosensitive drum.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of obtaining high-quality uniform images without image defects and nonuniformity in image density. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a step forming a functional film on a substrate, and a washing step of spraying water on the substrate surface from concentrically arranged nozzle groups positioned in a twisted relationship before the step of forming the functional film.

Abstract: In a deposited film forming process or apparatus, a deposited film is formed on a film-forming substrate by reduced-pressure vapor phase growth. The film-forming substrate is set on an auxiliary substrate and an auxiliary-substrate cap member is set at the upper part thereof. A maximum temperature difference between temperature at the upper end of the film-forming substrate and the temperature at the lower end of the auxiliary-substrate cap member provided on the film-forming substrate at its upper part is so controlled as to be not greater than a prescribed value so that a film deposited on the auxiliary-substrate cap member is improved in adhesion. Any deposits of films on the part other than the film-forming substrate can be prevented from coming off and scattering on the film-forming substrate so that deposited films having uniform film thickness and film quality can steadily be formed and also faulty images can occur less frequently.

Abstract: A method for performing a cleaning process uses a cleaning gas and high-frequency power upon a film deposition apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate placed in a reactor chamber which can be evacuated to a low pressure. Supplying of high-frequency power is temporarily stopped in the middle of the cleaning process, and the cleaning process is restarted by again supplying high-frequency power. This method is capable of effectively removing by-products from the inside of a reactor chamber and makes it possible to form a high-quality deposition film, in particular, a high-quality electrophotographic photosensitive drum.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for efficiently cleaning a cleaning subject, especially a method for cleaning an electrophotographic photosensitive member that enables a uniform and high quality image to be obtained without leaving image defects and irregular images, wherein the cleaning step of the cleaning subject comprises: making the circulation flow rate during dipping of a cleaning subject in the cleaning solution to be different from the circulation flow rate when the cleaning subject is pulled up; and showering the cleaning solution used in the cleaning step during the pull-up step on the surface of the cleaning subject; or wherein the method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member for depositing a functional film by a plasma CVD method on an aluminum substrate containing silicon, iron and aluminum especially comprises cleaning steps of: degreasing oil components on the surface of the substrate prior to deposition of a film; making the circulation flow rate during dippin

Abstract: A method for efficiently cleaning a cleaning subject, especially a method for cleaning an electrophotographic photosensitive member enables a uniform and high quality image to be obtained without leaving image defects and irregular images. The method includes a cleaning step during which the circulation flow rate during dipping of the cleaning subject in a cleaning solution is different from the circulation flow rate when the cleaning subject is pulled up, and where the cleaning solution is showered on the surface of the cleaning subject when it is pulled up. The cleaning method may be used in a method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member for depositing a functional film by a plasma CVD method on a substrate.

Abstract: A method for regulating the morphological transition of dimorphic Candida in a patient is described. The method comprises administering orally or by injection a compound to a patient suffering from an infection caused by dimorphic Candida selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea, Candida tropicalis, Candida grabrata, and Candida parapsilosis.

Abstract: A fluorescent imaging method of the changes in viability of living bodies wherein the living bodies are provided with a chemical or physical exterior stimulation and information on the changes in viability of cells caused by the stimulation is obtained by means of a fluorescent imaging method of the saccharide uptake activity by contacting or administering to the living bodies an aqueous solution of a fluorescent saccharide compound which includes at its specific position a saccharide molecule chemically combined with a fluorescent pigment molecule.

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member manufacturing method capable of preventing a substrate from corroding in working of the substrate and obtaining a high-quality image free from image defects and image density unevenness, the method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises the step of forming a functional film made of an amorphous material on the surface of an aluminum substrate by reduced-pressure vapor deposition, wherein the surface of the substrate is cleaned with the water containing an inhibitor as a specific component before the step of forming an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of obtaining high-quality uniform images without image defects and nonuniformity in image density. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a step forming a functional film on a substrate, and a washing step of spraying water on the substrate surface from concentrically arranged nozzle groups positioned in a twisted relationship before the step of forming the functional film.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light receiving member comprising a substrate in a cylindrical form and a light receiving layer formed on said substrate, wherein said substrate has (i) a portion with an enlarged bore at least on the side of an end portion of said substrate and (ii) a portion in a tapered form situated next to and outside said portion (i). An electrophotographic apparatus provided with said electrophotographic light receiving member.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine including a turbocharger and a controller for the turbocharger. The engine has an air intake to receive a charge of compressed air while the turbocharger includes a compressor connected to the air intake. The turbine is connected to and driven by exhaust gases of the engine and drives the compressor. The controller limits the pressure of the compressed air charge to below a predetermined pressure at high engine speed. The engine further includes a positive displacement compressor connected to the inlet of the turbocharger compressor to supply compressed air at low engine speeds, and a direct drive for the positive displacement compressor. The drive is selectively operable and able to be selectively disabled.

Abstract: A housing of a turbine of an exhaust gas driven turbocharger has a bypass passage which intercommunicates between an exhaust gas induction passage for directing the exhaust gases from an engine into a turbine wheel chamber and a turbine exhaust passage for discharging the exhaust gases. Disposed in the bypass passage is a valve body which normally closes the bypass passage but opens it so as to cause part of the exhaust gases to bypass the turbine when the pressure of the air delivered from a compressor exceeds a predetermined level.

Abstract: In an apparatus wherein part of the compressed air from the compressor of a turbocharger is used as control air and is made to act on a diaphragm so as to control an exhaust gas relief valve, thereby controlling the amount of exhaust gas to be charged into the turbine of a turbocharger. The present invention discharges into the exhaust gas the control air which acts on the diaphragm.