Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each having an electrode thereon and disposed in parallel with each other, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the substrates has thereon an organic alignment film formed from at least one species of polymer including a polymer having an average molecular weight of at most 30,000.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the substrates has thereon an alignment film. The alignment film is characterized in that (1) it has a surface energy of at most 35 dyne/cm before rubbing and has been rubbed to have a refractive index anisotropy of at least 0.02, or (2) it has been rubbed to have a surface energy difference .DELTA.E of at least 9 dyne/cm and a difference .DELTA..delta. in dispersion term of the surface energy of at least 6 dyne/cm between before and after the rubbing. The alignment film is effective in providing a high contrast and decreasing a delay in optical response causing after-image.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of substrates; at least one of which has thereon an alignment film comprising a polymer selected from Polymers (I)-(III) below:Polymer (I) which is a polymer composite comprising at least two polymer components including a polyamide represented by a structural unit of the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 independently denote an alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms;Polymer (II) which is a composite polyamide having at least two species of dicarboxylic acid-originated units each represented by formula (2) below: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.21 denotes a divalent organic residue group including an aromatic ring; and a diamine-originated unit represented by formula (3) below: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.22 and R.sub.

Abstract: Surface Stability Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device having color filters assembled avoids, generation of alignment defect ocurring in the initial alignment control step by providing space of 0-5 microns between adjacent trapezoidal color filters having prescribed taper angle and thickness.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of substrates; at least one of which has thereon an alignment film comprising a polymer selected from Polymers (I)-(III) below:Polymer (I), which is a polymer composite comprising at least two polymer components including a polyamide represented by a structural unit of the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 independently denote an alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms;Polymer (II) which is a composite polyamide having at least two species of dicarboxylic acid-originated units each represented by formula (2) below: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.21 denotes a divalent organic residue group including an aromatic ring; and a diamine-originated unit represented by formula (3) below: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.22 and R.sub.

Abstract: A surface stability ferroelectric liquid crystal device has color filters with adjacent resin films. The resin films are provided by a first resin film and a second resin film, wherein the second resin film is formed with a resin solution having a viscosity higher than that of the first resin film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a chiral smectic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates. At least one of the pair of substrates is provided with an alignment film of a nitrogen-containing polymer, such as a polyimide, a polyamide or a polyamideimide, having a main chain including a structural unit represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a divalent aliphatic or aromatic group, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 independently denote a monovalent aliphatic or aromatic group, and X denotes a positive integer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each provided with a transparent electrode, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates; at least one of said pair of substrates having thereon an alignment film comprising (i) a polyimide including principally a recurring unit of the following structural formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11 denotes a tetravalent organic group, and R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, and also at most 20 mol. % of a recurring monoamine unit of the following structural formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.21 and R.sub.22 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, and X denotes an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group or a derivative group thereof; or (ii) a polyimide obtained through a reaction of at least two species of tetracarboxylic anhydrides of the following formula (III): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.

Abstract: Surface Stability Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device having color filters assembled therein avoids generation of alignment defect ocurring in the initial alignment control step by providing space of 0-5 microns between adjacent color filters.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes: a liquid crystal disposed between a pair of substrates; at least one of which has thereon an alignment film comprising a polyimide or polyamide imide formed by reaction between a diamine component of formula (1) shown below and at least two acid components selected from tetracarboxylic acid components having a structure of formula (2) shown below at least including a naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid component, and dicarboxylic acid components having a structure of formula (3) shown below; ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently denote an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## wherein A and B respectively denote a tetravalent or divalent organic residue comprising an aromatic ring, aromatic polycyclic ring or condensed polycyclic ring.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of substrates; at least one of which has thereon an alignment film comprising a polymer selected from Polymers (I)-(III) below:Polymer (I) which is a polymer composite comprising at least two polymer components including a polyamide represented by a structural unit of the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 independently denote an alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms;Polymer (II) which is a composite polyamide having at least two species of dicarboxylic acid-originated units each represented by formula (2) below: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.21 denotes a divalent organic residue group including an aromatic ring; and a diamine-originated unit represented by formula (3) below: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.22 and R.sub.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed by applying an alignment film on at least one of a pair of substrates sandwiching a liquid crystal, preferably a chiral smectic liquid crystal. The alignment is formed by a dehydro-cyclization product of a polyamide acid which in turn is a reaction product of naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid or its derivative with a diamine or its derivative. The liquid crystal device provides a high contrast display, particularly by multiplexing drive, which is free from after-image because of quick responsiveness.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the substrates has thereon an alignment film. The alignment film is characterized in that (1) it has a surface energy of at most 35 dyne/cm before rubbing and has been rubbed to have a refractive index anisotropy of at least 0.02, or (2) it has been rubbed to have a surface energy difference .DELTA.E of at least 9 dyne/cm and a difference .DELTA..delta. in dispersion term of the surface energy of at least 6 dyne/cm between before and after the rubbing. The alignment film is effective in providing a high contrast and decreasing a delay in optical response causing after-image.

Abstract: Surface Stability Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device having color filters assembled therein avoids, generation of alignment defect ocurring in the initial alignment control step by providing space of 0-5 microns between adjacent color filters.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device of a cell structure having a suppressed increase of cell thickness along a cell side is constituted by disposing a ferroelectric liquid crystal between a pair of electrode plates each sequentially provided with an electrode, an insulating film and an alignment film on a substrate. The alignment film is provided with a surface unevenness for suppressing a liquid crystal movement causing the increase in cell thickness. The surface unevenness is provided to the alignment film directly or to the insulating film below the alignment film, e.g., by wet forming the relevant film by using at least two solvents having different boiling points or dispersing fine particles within the relavant film, optionally followed by removal of the fine particles.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates, at least one of which has an alignment film thereon, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates, The alignment film is formed of a resin including a first polyamide represented by formula (I) below and a second polyamide represented by formula (II) below: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 -R.sub.4 independently denote a group of CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.1 (CH.sub.2).sub.m wherein l and m are integers satisfying 1.gtoreq.0 and m .gtoreq.O; A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are mutually different divalent organic residues; and n1 and n2 are integers satisfying n1.gtoreq.2 and n2 .gtoreq.2.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the pair of substrates has thereon an alignment film of a polyimide having a recurring unit of the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a tetravalent organic residue; and X.sub.1 -X.sub.8 independently denote an alkyl group having 1-15 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1-15 carbon atoms, CF.sub.3 group, halogen or hydrogen atom with the proviso that at least one of X.sub.1 -X.sub.4 is not hydrogen atom and at least one of X.sub.5 -X.sub.8 is not hydrogen atom.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each provided with a transparent electrode, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates; at least one of said pair of substrates having thereon an alignment film comprising (i) a polyimide including principally a recurring unit of the following structural formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11 denotes a tetravalent organic group, and R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 - 10 carbon atoms, and also at most 10 mol. % of a recurring monoamine unit of the following structural formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.21 and R.sub.22 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 - 10 carbon atoms, and X denotes an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group or a derivative group thereof; or (ii) a polyimide obtained through a reaction of at least two species of tetracarboxylic anhydrides of the following formula (III): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.

Abstract: A functional substrate for controlling pixels, comprising;a) a substrate;b) an insulating film provided on said substrate;c) a stripe-shaped transparent conductive film provided in plurality on said insulating film;d) an opaque conductive film covered with said insulating film, arranged in parallel to said stripe-shaped transparent conductive film, and disposed between two stripe-shaped transparent conductive films adjacent to each other; ande) a contact area at which one of said two stripe-shaped transparent conductive films adjacent to each other and said opaque conductive film are electrically connected.

Abstract: A chiral smectic liquid crystal color display device has plural non-overlapping color filters arranged at intervals such that 0.ltoreq.l/d.ltoreq.5 wherein l (.mu.m) is the interval between color filters and d (.mu.m) is the color filter film thickness.