Abstract: Both displays with a mode of placing emphasis on responsiveness and display with a mode of placing emphasis on gray-scale reproductiveness can be available by a method of sub field drive.

Abstract: 1 field is divided into plural sub fields on a time axis, each of which is a control unit to drive a pixel. A code storing ROM 31 stores a code to give an sub field drive pattern based on display data. With respect to adjacent pixels within a control area, a data encoder 30 writes pixel data by using a sub field drive pattern read from the code storing ROM 31 and a pattern delayed by the predetermined sub field period. Hence, adjacent pixels are driven by different sub fields drive patterns each other so that timing of flickering among adjacent pixels is differentiated. Thus, flickering can be reduced.

Abstract: One field is divided into a plurality of subfields on a time base, thereby to set the subfields as control units for driving a pixel. A liquid crystal exhibits such a low response rate that the saturation response time thereof is longer than one subfield period. Accordingly, even when an ON voltage is applied to the liquid crystal in only one predetermined subfield by way of example, the transmission factor of the liquid crystal does not reach 100%. That is, the change of the transmission factor in each subfield can be finely controlled in the transitional period of the transmission factor of the liquid crystal. Thus, the number of gradations can be remarkably enlarged as compared with the number of the subfields within one field, and displays at multiple gradations can be realized.

Abstract: A coordinate input device is associated with a liquid crystal display to detect a touch or contact thereon. A transparent board is arranged on the screen of the display to provide a coordinate input surface having a substantially rectangular shape. At least one vibration detector (e.g., a microphone or piezoelectric element) is attached onto the board to detect vibration or sound that occurs when a position input member is brought into contact with the coordinate input surface at an arbitrary input position. The input position is represented as one-dimensional coordinate based on outputs of two vibration detectors, or it is represented as two-dimensional coordinates based on outputs of three vibration detectors. Thus, the manually designated input position is detected and is electronically displayed on the screen of the display. As the position input member, it is possible to use a pen, a fingernail, etc.

Abstract: An illumination device is provided that reduces the amount of light leaked and thus improves illumination efficiency. Electroluminescent elements are formed on one surface of a transparent substrate. The electroluminescent elements are provided with at least a transparent electrode, a light emitting layer, and a reflective electrode in order from the outgoing surface of the transparent substrate. Concavities are formed on one surface of the transparent substrate and at least the reflective electrode is formed in the concavities. Alternatively, electroluminescent elements are arranged in a planar configuration, and the intervals between the electroluminescent elements and the intervals between the pixels are set so as not to be equal to each other, and also the directions in which the electroluminescent elements extend and the directions in which the pixels are aligned are set so as not to be parallel to each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a touch panel having pluralities of projections, each of the projections having a predetermined shape, formed on inner surfaces of a lower substrate and an upper substrate, respectively. The projections being formed in at least two directions with a substantially periodical pitch that is shorter than any wavelength of visible light. The touch panel can also include a lower transparent electrode and an upper transparent electrode formed over the inner surfaces of the lower substrate and the upper substrate having the pluralities of projections, respectively. The cross-sectional area of each of the projections parallel to the outer surface of the lower substrate is configured to decrease continuously from bottom to top of the projection. The same applies to the combination of each of the projections, the bottom and a top thereof, and the upper substrate.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display element for use in an electronic apparatus wherein the display element operates in a PDLC mode or reverse PDLC mode providing for reduction of visual display haze, improved display contrast. The particular medium includes a liquid crystal portion and a polymer portion and may include a chiral component. In cases where visual display haze and contract is a particular problem in the utility of the reverse PDLC display element, such as in the case where the display element is combined with a solar battery, a sufficient amount of dichroic dye is added to the liquid crystal portion of the medium, and, further, a compound showing no fluorescence emission with respect to a liquid crystal portion, or a polymer or a chiral polymer precursor portion of the medium, is employed.

Abstract: There is provided a novel structure in which in a liquid-crystal display device including active devices a sufficient writing operation is ensured and a decrease in voltage applied to liquid crystal is prevented by a method different from a method for improving the device characteristics of active devices such as MIM devices. MIM devices 13 are connected to scanning lines 11, and pixel electrodes 15 are connected to the MIM devices 13. One electrode of an electrostatic capacitor CS is connected to a point at which the MIM device 13 and the pixel electrode 15 are connected, and another electrode of the electrostatic capacitor CS is connected to stable potential VS.

Abstract: On the substrate (108) are made reflecting type picture element electrodes (107), of Cr, and on substrate 101 are made transference picture element electrodes (102), of ITO. On both substrates (108, 101) parallel alignment films (106, 103), consisting of polyimide alignment films, are each made, but rubbing treatment is not administered. Between the substrates (108. 101) polymer dispersion liquid crystal, in which liquid crystal (105) and polymer (104) are in a state of mutual orientation dispersion, is placed. Liquid crystal (105) is parallel oriented randomly near the substrate surfaces, and twisted approximately 90.degree. between the substrates (101, 108). Also, the orientation domains from the liquid crystal random orientation are evenly multidomained at the level of approximately 1-3 .mu.m. Because they are randomly oriented in this way, directivity of scatter is improved, and operation voltage is decreased.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display element for use in an electronic apparatus wherein the display element operates in a PDLC mode or reverse PDLC mode providing for reduction of visual display haze, improved display contrast. The particular medium includes a liquid crystal portion and a polymer portion and may include a chiral component. In cases where visual display haze and contract is a particular problem in the utility of the reverse PDLC display element, such as in the case where the display element is combined with a solar battery, a sufficient amount of dichroic dye is added to the liquid crystal portion of the medium, and, further, a compound showing no fluorescence emission with respect to a liquid crystal portion, or a polymer or a chiral polymer precursor portion of the medium, is employed.

Abstract: Liquid crystal composite materials containing organic compounds enable the lowering of the drive voltage of liquid crystal display devices and of liquid crystal display devices of a polymer-dispersion type. The liquid crystal composite materials can be used in liquid crystal display devices and PDLC devices with a scattering layer having a liquid crystal and a polymer between the electrodes. A ter phenyl derivative can also favorably be used in the liquid crystal composite materials and in the liquid crystal display devices.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device includes a top substrate and a bottom substrate. First electrodes are provided on the top substrate and second electrodes are provided on the bottom substrate. Orientation are provided on the top and the bottom substrates. The orientation films are respectively rubbed in predetermined directions. A polymer material, a liquid crystal material and a predetermined amount of a chiral agent are interposed between the top and bottom substrates. The polymer material is separated from the liquid crystal material through irradiation by ultraviolet rays. The liquid crystal material and polymer material have a mutually orientated and dispersed structure. The liquid crystal material has a predetermined twisting angle in a predetermined twist direction. As a result, light is scattered when substantially normal to the liquid crystal display device and the surface of the top substrate.

Abstract: Reflective pixels composed of chromium are formed on a substrate and a polyimide film is provided on the substrate. Rubbing in two directions is conducted through a mask rubbing process. Transparent pixel electrodes, composed of indium tin oxide (ITO), are formed on a substrate, a polyimide film is formed on another substrate, and orientation processing is conducted in the same direction over the entire surface. A polymer dispersion liquid crystal is provided between these two substrates. The liquid crystal does not contain a chiral agent. The liquid crystal is divided into a left twist area having a left twist orientation state and a right twist area having a right twist orientation state. Between the substrates, the polymer and the liquid crystal are mutually orientation dispersed.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display element for use in an electronic apparatus wherein the display element operates in a PDLC mode or reverse PDLC mode providing for reduction of visual display haze, improved display contrast. The particular medium includes a liquid crystal portion and a polymer portion and may include a chiral component. In cases where visual display haze and contract is a particular problem in the utility of the reverse PDLC display element, such as in the case where the display element is combined with a solar battery, a sufficient amount of dichroic dye is added to the liquid crystal portion of the medium, and, further, a compound showing no fluorescence emission with respect to a liquid crystal portion, or a polymer or a chiral polymer precursor portion of the medium, is employed.