Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device includes an anode and a cathode that are a pair of electrodes, at least one of the electrodes being transparent or translucent; and an organic compound layer interposed between the electrodes, the organic compound layer including at least one layer containing a cured film obtained from a composition that contains an amine compound having six or more crosslinkable groups. The cured film has a residual film ratio of 90% or more after a condition described below, and a rate of change in surface roughness Ra of the cured film before and after the condition described below is 0.99 or more: condition: placing toluene on the cured film and leaving toluene thereon for 30 seconds.

Abstract: A silica particle includes a silica particle body and a titania coating layer formed on a surface of the silica particle body through a reaction of a titanium compound having a structure in which a hydrocarbon group bonds to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom. The silica particle has absorption at a wavelength of about 400 nm or more and about 800 nm or less in an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

Abstract: A compound has a structure represented by the following formula (C1): wherein Ra1, Ra2, Ra3, Ra41, Ra42, Ra43, Ra44, Ra45, Ra5, Ra6, Ra7, Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, and Ra11 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a group obtained by combining two or more of the above groups, and a combination of Ra1 and Ra2, Ra41 and Ra42, Ra42 and Ra43, Ra43 and Ra44, Ra44 and Ra45, Ra5 and Ra6, Ra8 and Ra9, or Ra10 and Ra11 each independently may form a ring.

Abstract: A compound has a structure represented by the following formula (C1): wherein Ra1, Ra2, Ra3, Ra41, Ra42, Ra43, Ra44, Ra45, Ra5, Ra6, Ra7, Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, and Ra11 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a group obtained by combining two or more of the above groups, and a combination of Ra1 and Ra2, Ra41 and Ra42, Ra42 and Ra43, Ra43 and Ra44, Ra44 and Ra45, Ra5 and Ra6, Ra8 and Ra9, or Ra10 and Ra11 each independently may form a ring.

Abstract: A titanium oxide particle surface-treated with a silane compound having a hydrocarbon group has absorption at a wavelength of about 400 nm or more and about 800 nm or less in an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, and has an absorption peak at a wave number of about 2700 cm?1 or more and about 3000 cm?1 or less in an infrared absorption spectrum.

Abstract: A metatitanic acid particle surface-treated with a silane compound having a hydrocarbon group has absorption at a wavelength of about 400 nm or more and about 800 nm or less in an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, and has an absorption peak at a wave number of about 2700 cm?1 or more and about 3000 cm?1 or less in an infrared absorption spectrum.

Abstract: A silica particle includes a silica particle body and a titania coating layer formed on a surface of the silica particle body through a reaction of a titanium compound having a structure in which a hydrocarbon group bonds to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom. The silica particle has absorption at a wavelength of about 400 nm or more and about 800 nm or less in an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

Abstract: An image forming method satisfies the following Expressions: 0.01<Rmf<0.20??Expression (A1): 0.005<Rmf/Wh<5.000??Expression (B1): 0.002<Rmf/Wl<1.000??Expression (B2): 1.0<Whmax/Whmin<2.5??Expression (C1): 1.0<Wlmax/Wlmin<2.5??Expression (C2): wherein, when a content of the fatty acid metal salt particles with respect to the entire weight of the toner is set as Rmf, an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wh, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmin, and an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wl, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmin.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, wherein an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is composed of a cured film of a composition containing a reactive charge transport material, a zinc stearate coverage of the surface of the outermost surface layer is 5.0% or more, and an oxygen permeability coefficient of the outermost surface layer before coating with zinc stearate is 2.0×1012 fm2/Pa·s or more.

Abstract: An image forming method satisfies the following Expressions: 0.01<Rmf<0.20??Expression (A1) 0.005<Rmf/Wh<5.000??Expression (B1) 0.002<Rmf/Wl<1.000??Expression (B2) 1.0<Whmax/Whmin<2.5??Expression (C1) 1.0<Wlmax/Wlmin<2.5??Expression (C2) wherein, when a content of the fatty acid metal salt particles with respect to the entire weight of the toner is set as Rmf, an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wh, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmin, and an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wl, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmin.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, wherein an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is a cured film of a composition containing a reactive charge transporting material and silica particles having a hydrophobization-treated surface.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, and an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is constituted with a polymerized product or crosslinked product of a composition including at least one selected from reactive compounds represented by the formulae (I) and (II) and a non-reactive charge transporting material, a content of the non-reactive charge transporting material in the composition is from 5% by weight to 40% by weight based on the weight of the outermost surface layer, and a content of the unreacted reactive compound in the outermost surface layer after forming the outermost surface layer is 3% by weight or less based on the weight of the outermost surface layer.

Abstract: An image holding member for an image forming apparatus includes a support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material and a compound represented by the following formula (II-1): wherein in the formula (II-1), Y1's each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted divalent hydrocarbon group; A1 represents a group represented by formula (II-2); R2's each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group; m's each independently represent an integer of from 1 to 5; and p represents an integer of from 5 to 5,000.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, wherein an outermost surface layer includes a cured film of a composition containing inorganic particles having polymerizable groups and at least one selected from the reactive compounds represented by the following formulae (I) and (II): wherein F represents a charge transporting skeleton; L represents a divalent linking group; and m represents an integer of 1 to 8, wherein F represents a charge transporting skeleton; L? represents an (n+1)-valent linking group; m? represents an integer of 1 to 6; and n represents an integer of 2 to 3.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, wherein an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is composed of a cured film of a composition containing a reactive charge transport material, a zinc stearate coverage of the surface of the outermost surface layer is 5.0% or more, and an oxygen permeability coefficient of the outermost surface layer before coating with zinc stearate is 2.0×1012 fm2/Pa·s or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer provided on the electroconductive substrate, and an outermost surface layer, wherein the outermost surface layer is a layer constituted with a cured product of a composition including at least one of non-charge transporting compounds represented by formulae (I) and (II), and at least one non-reactive charge transporting material:

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; a charge generating layer provided on the conductive substrate; a charge transporting layer provided on the charge generating layer, which is configured to include a charge transporting material and a polycarbonate; and an outermost surface layer provided on the charge transporting layer, which is constituted with a cured film formed of a composition including a chain polymerizable compound having at least a charge transporting skeleton and a chain polymerizable functional group in the same molecule, and has an A value represented by the following equation (1) being from 0.1 to 0.3, and a B value represented by the following equation (2) being 0.02 or less, each of which is determined by an Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: A=(S1/S13)?(S0/S03)??Equation (1) B=S2/S23??Equation (2).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate; a charge generating layer provided on the conductive substrate; a charge transporting layer provided on the charge generating layer; and an outermost surface layer provided on the charge transporting layer, wherein the charge transporting layer includes a charge transporting material and a polycarbonate copolymer having a solubility parameter as calculated by a Feders method of from 11.40 to 11.75, and the outermost surface layer includes a charge transporting material, fluorine-containing resin particles, and a fluorine-containing dispersant.

Abstract: A charge transporting film includes a cured film of a composition containing at least one selected from reactive compounds represented by the following Formula (I): wherein F represents a charge transporting skeleton, D represents a group represented by Formula (IIa), m represents an integer of from 1 to 8, E represents a group represented by Formula (IIb), L represents a (n+1)-valent linking group including two or more selected from the group consisting of an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, —C(?O)—, —N(R)—, —S—, —O—, and a trivalent or tetravalent group derived from alkane or alkene, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, n represents an integer of from 1 to 3, R0 represents a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or an alkoxy group, and n0 represents an integer of from 0 to 3.

Abstract: Provided is a composition for forming a charge transporting film, including a solvent having a dielectric constant of 5.