Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided with a VVT mechanism capable of adjusting overlap period in which both intake and exhaust valves are open. The internal combustion engine is also provided with a recirculation mechanism that recirculates exhaust gas to the intake side. An EGR map from which internal EGR amount based on the VVT mechanism and external EGR amount based on the recirculation mechanism are derived in accordance with engine speed and engine torque is prepared. The EGR map is realized as a four-dimensional map that also takes engine intake air temperature and engine coolant temperature into account. By performing EGR control in consideration of these parameters, the occurrence of knocking during EGR control can be suppressed, and an improvement in fuel consumption and the like can be achieved with certainty.

Abstract: An electrode-equipped substrate includes a substrate portion of synthetic resin and a transparent electrode. The electrode-equipped substrate is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 200° C. or less as well as plasma treatment before organic layers are deposited. The plasma treatment is carried out within atmosphere of (A) a mixed gas of oxygen and any one of nitrogen, argon, helium, neon and xenon, with an oxygen density of 5% or less; (B) a mixed gas of oxygen and any one of carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoroethane, octafluoropropane and octafluorocyclobutane; or (C) a sole gas of nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, xenon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide or nitrous oxide.

Abstract: The purpose is to provide a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display panel wherein both a high contrast and a low driving voltage are obtained and scattering performance is superior. The polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display panel comprises a pair of substrates 10, 11, a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal layer 12 comprising a liquid crystal 18 and a liquid crystalline polymer 17, a driving electrode 7 and an opposite electrode 8. The driving electrode 7 and the opposite electrode 8 are formed on the lower substrate 11, and an electric field is applied approximately in parallel with the above-mentioned lower substrate 11. Under no application of voltage, the above-mentioned liquid crystal 18 and the polymer 17 adjacent to the liquid crystal, which composes an interface, are aligned in approximately the same direction on a plane parallel with the substrates according to an alignment treatment of the substrates, and thereby a transparent state is obtained.

Abstract: An organic EL cell for preventing moisture that deteriorates the light-emitting characteristics of the organic EL cell including a substrate, a laminate structure formed on the substrate, wherein the laminate structure includes at least an anode, an organic light emitting layer, and a cathode, a first sealing film formed on the laminate structure, and a second sealing film formed on the first sealing film.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element and a method of repairing the organic electroluminescent element that solve a problem of a failure in luminescence and a failure in an electroluminescent element caused by the current leak are provided. The organic electroluminescent element according to the present invention includes transparent electrodes, a plurality of organic material layers and metal electrodes being formed in order on a transparent board and contains a protective layer for preventing current leak formed between the transparent board and a plurality of the organic material layers, wherein the protective layer for preventing current leak and/or a part of a plurality of the organic material layers is evaporated by absorbing an irradiated laser beam.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a reflector having a plurality of convex portions 4 that are obtained by means of melt deformation of column-shaped bodys 15 formed of a photosensitive resin material, the photosensitive resin material has aspect ratio vs. average tilt angle characteristics in which an average tilt angle &thgr; reaches a maximum value through an incremental change process and then converges to a certain value through a decremental process when an aspect ratio is gradually increased from a value close to zero, provided that the average tilt angle of the convex portion is an angle of elevation from the outer periphery of the bottom surface of the convex portion 4 to an apex of the convex portion and that the aspect ratio is a ratio of the height of said column-shaped body 15 with respect to the width thereof.

Abstract: An active matrix liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal cell including an army substrate provided with a pixel electrode, a signal electrode line, and a gate electrode line and an opposing substrate provided with a common electrode, in which pretilt angles of liquid crystal at upper and lower interfaces of a liquid crystal layer disposed between the army substrate and the opposing substrate have opposite signs having splay alignment formed by parallel alignment process while no voltage is applied. The active matrix liquid crystal display device is subjected to an initialization process for transitioning the splay alignment to bend alignment by application of voltage before liquid crystal display driving and adapted to perform the liquid crystal display driving in the bend alignment.

Abstract: A polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display element having liquid crystal droplets dispersed and held in a continuous matrix phase including polymer compound or a three dimensional network form of matrix including polymer compound dispersed between a pair of substrates, each having an inside electrode. The liquid crystal droplets are in all areas but for an area in the vicinity of the interfaces between the substrates. The liquid crystal droplets are ellipsoid of revolution forms of substantially the same size.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reflector and a reflective liquid crystal display capable of maintaining high controllability of the shape of the reflective electrode and improving reflection characteristic, only in the step of forming active elements, without a need for special manufacturing steps. In a reflector comprising an active element D and a concave/convex reflective electrode on an insulating substrate, a step-like structure B obtained by cumulating a plurality of column-shaped bodies A1, A2 with width sequentially reduced upwardly. The column-shaped bodies A1, A2 are comprised of one or more layers selected from all layers L1-L2 constituting the active element D and obtained by layer forming and predetermined patterning in the step of manufacturing the active element D.

Abstract: A polymer dispersion type liquid crystal (PDLC) display element comprising a complex of polymers and liquid crystal droplets held between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal droplets are deformed into a compressed structure of their being contracted in a cell gap direction and an amount of deformation of the liquid crystal droplets is set to be in range in which a phenomenon of liquid crystal molecules rising up in the cell gap direction is not caused by excluded volume effects of the liquid crystals. The amount of deformation of the liquid crystal droplets, is set to be in range in which the phenomenon of liquid crystal molecules rising up in the cell gap direction is not caused by excluded volume effects of the liquid crystals can provide an increased tendency of the liquid crystal molecules to align in parallel to a phase boundary of the substrates. The DPLC display element having excellent threshold characteristics and scattering characteristics and high display characteristics can be achieved.

Abstract: Before starting the regular display in a liquid crystal display device of the bend alignment type, it is necessary to transition all the pixel regions in the entire display portion uniformly from splay alignment into bend alignment. However, conventionally, when applying a simple ac voltage, the transition sometimes does not take place, and when it does take place, the transition time is very long, and display defects due to alignment defects tend to occur.

Abstract: An engine output for bringing the drive power of a motor vehicle to a requested value is determined as a target output. One of the lean burn and the stoichiometric burn is selected as a combustion form that achieves a best fuel consumption performance in terms of the control of the actual engine output to the target output. That is, an output value that serves as a criterion for determining whether to switch the combustion force is determined based on the minimum fuel consumption rate during the stoichiometric-burn operation and the minimum fuel consumption rate during the lean-burn operation in which the fuel consumption involved in the rich spike control is taken into account. If the target output is less than the output value, the lean-burn operation is performed. If the target output is greater than the output value, the stoichiometric-burn operation is performed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the invention comprises a transparent substrate 2, a transparent electrode 6 formed on the inner surface of the transparent substrate 2, an alignment layer 7 formed over the transparent electrode 6, a composite 5 formed over the alignment layer 7, and a transparent electrode 8 on the upper surface of the composite 5. The composite 5 comprises a transparent polymer 4 and a liquid crystal droplet 3. The liquid crystal droplet 3 is configured in a substantially hemispherical shape such that a bottom surface of the droplet is in contact with the alignment layer and the remaining surface excluding the bottom surface bulges towards an upper surface of the composite 5. The polymer 4 constitutes the other surface of the composite 5 such that the polymer 4 covers the hemispherical liquid crystal droplets 3. Thus, the invention achieves a liquid crystal display device in which one of the pair of substrates is eliminated and thereby the weight of the device is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A transflective liquid crystal display device having excellent display quality is provided which is capable of precisely controlling the alignment of liquid crystal molecules and of providing a high brightness display both in a transmissive display mode and in a reflective display mode. The transflective liquid crystal display panel has a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the substrates, pixel electrodes disposed on the surface of one of the substrates facing the liquid crystal layer, a counter electrode disposed on the surface of the other substrate facing the liquid crystal layer, and an alignment film covering the surface of each of the substrates facing the liquid crystal layer. The pixel electrodes, each including an electrode for reflective display and an electrode for transmissive display, are disposed such that the distances to the other substrate from the electrode for reflective display and from the electrode for transmissive display are different.

Abstract: A polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display element according to the invention is structured such that a complex of polymers and liquid crystal droplets is held between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal droplets are deformed into a compressed structure of their being contracted in a cell gap direction and an amount of deformation of the liquid crystal droplets is set to be in range in which a phenomenon of liquid crystal molecules rising up in the cell gap direction is not caused by excluded volume effects of the liquid crystals.

Abstract: A polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display element according to the invention is structured such that a complex of polymer and liquid crystal droplets is held between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal droplets are deformed into a compressed structure of their being contracted in a cell gap direction and an amount of deformation of the liquid crystal droplets is set to be in range in which a phenomenon of liquid crystal molecules rising up in the cell gap direction is not caused by excluded volume effects of the liquid crystals. This construction that the amount of deformation of the liquid crystal droplets is set to be in range in which the phenomenon of liquid crystal molecules rising up in the cell gap direction is not caused by excluded volume effects of the liquid crystals can provide an increased tendency of the liquid crystal molecules to align in parallel to a phase boundary of the substrates.

Abstract: A speed change control system for a continuously variable transmission, for controlling a gear ratio by deciding an abrupt acceleration demand of a driver, to effect an abrupt speed change when it is decided that the driver demands an abrupt acceleration. The speed change control system comprises: a drive state decider for deciding that the vehicle has changed from a driven state to a drive state, when said abrupt acceleration is demanded at the driven state; and a speed change controller for controlling said continuously variable transmission to effect said abrupt speed change, after said drive state decider decides that the vehicle has changed from the driven state to the drive state.

Abstract: A control system for a vehicle including a continuously variable is constructed: such that a target output of a prime mover for achieving a target driving force is determined on the basis of the target driving force; such that a target output speed is determined on the basis of the target output; such that a gear ratio of the continuously variable transmission is controlled so that an output speed of the prime mover may be the target output speed; such that a target output torque of the prime mover for achieving the target driving force is determined on the basis of the target driving force; and such that a load of the prime mover is controlled on the basis of the target output torque. The control system further comprises a corrector for correcting a control quantity to control the load of the prime mover so that the output torque of the prime mover may have the sum of the target output torque and an output torque for keeping the idle run of the prime mover.

Abstract: The purpose is to provide a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display panel wherein both a high contrast and a low driving voltage are obtained and scattering performance is superior.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence display panel includes a plurality of organic electroluminescence elements, each comprised of a first display electrode, one or more organic functional layers including a light emitting layer made of an organic compound, and a second display electrode, laminated in order on a substrate, and a plurality of ramparts disposed between the organic electroluminescence elements on the substrate and protruding from the substrate. The display panel further includes a sealing film for covering the organic electroluminescence elements and at least both side surfaces of the ramparts, and an inorganic passivation film made of an inorganic material for covering the sealing film. The sealing film includes a top surface having an inclined surface which is inclined at an inclination angle smaller than a right angle in a region extending from a top edge of each rampart to a center peak of an adjacent one of the electroluminescence elements.