Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel hydrocarbon-containing carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfonic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfuric acid ester, or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. Each of them is a compound represented by the following formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent; at least one of R1 or R3 is a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; at least one of R2 or R5 is a group represented by the formula: —X-A or a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; and As at the respective appearances are the same as or different from each other, and are each —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M.

Abstract: A polytetrafluoroethylene having a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more and a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more. Also disclosed is a stretched body including the polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2 a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer of the invention which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a-Aa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-Ab.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, wherein the surfactant is a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A, wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6 and at least one of R2 and R5 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant and a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant.

Abstract: An alkyl sulfate ester containing a carbonyl group or a salt thereof. The compound is represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—(CR22)n—(OR3)p(CR42)q-L-OSO3X wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, L, X, n, p and q are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a production method for making the alkyl sulfate ester.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1), the polymer (1) including a polymerized unit derived from a monomer CX2?CY(—CZ2—O—Rf-A), wherein X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkylene group or a C—C100 fluorine-containing alkylene group and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR74, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R7 is H or an organic group, providing that at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel hydrocarbon-containing carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfonic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfuric acid ester, or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. Each of them is a compound represented by the following formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent; at least one of R1 or R3 is a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; at least one of R2 or R5 is a group represented by the formula: —X-A or a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; and As at the respective appearances are the same as or different from each other, and are each —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M.

Abstract: A sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid containing a carbonyl group, or a salt thereof represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—(CR22)—(OR3)p—(CR42)q-L-A wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, n, p, q, A and L are as defined herein.

Abstract: An in-vehicle input device includes a mechanism to detect the approach direction of a finger and tilt a touch panel in the right-left direction. If an operation input part representing at least one of the forearm and the hand of an occupant moves closer to the touch panel and enters a second region that is closer to the occupant, the operation input part is detected by a detection sensor. An ECU moves the touch panel so that the touch panel turns toward the direction of the operation input part. If the operation input part further moves closer to the touch panel and enters a first region, the ECU stops the movement of the touch panel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a preparation process for converting to a vinylidene fluoride elastomer having a group having sulfinic acid, sulfinic acid derivative, sulfonic acid or sulfonic acid derivative at one end or both ends of its trunk chain, and the preparation process provides a vinylidene fluoride elastomer having, at one end or both ends of its trunk chain, end groups represented by the formula: —CR1R2—CR3R4—SO2H, wherein R1 to R4 may be the same or different and each is hydrogen atom or fluorine atom, by allowing a vinylidene fluoride elastomer having, at one end or both ends of its trunk chain, end groups represented by the formula: —CR1R2—CR3R4—X1, wherein R1 to R4 are as defined above, X1 is bromine atom or iodine atom, to react with a sulfur compound represented by the formula: (M1)nH2-nS2O4, wherein M1 is a monovalent or divalent metal ion or ammonium ion, n is an integer of 0 to 2.

Abstract: There is provided a fluorine-containing polymer having an ionic group which has a heteroaromatic ring and is useful as a material comprising various heteroaromatic ring compounds having a stable fluorine-containing heteroaromatic ring, and further fluorine-containing polymer having a heteroaromatic ring which is useful as a starting material of the above-mentioned polymer or a curing agent. Also, there is provided a fluorine-containing polymer having a heteroaromatic ring such as imidazole in its side chain, a polymer salt thereof, and a polymer composition comprising such a polymer and a polymer salt and a nano filler.

Abstract: There are provided novel crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer fine particles, a process for preparing crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer fine particles and a resin composition comprising the same. The crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer fine particles are crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer fine particles having a gel fraction of not less than 85% by mass or crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer fine particles obtained by crosslinking fluorine-containing elastomer particles having at least three iodine atoms per one polymer molecule at an end thereof. The composition is one comprising those fine particles and a synthetic resin.

Abstract: There is provided a fluorine-containing polymer having an ionic group which has a heteroaromatic ring and is useful as a material comprising various heteroaromatic ring compounds having a stable fluorine-containing heteroaromatic ring, and further fluorin-containing polymer having a heteroaromatic ring which is useful as a starting material of the above-mentioned polymer or a curing agent. Also, there is provided a fluorine-containing polymer having a heteroaromatic ring such as imidazole in its side chain, a polymer salt thereof, and a polymer composition comprising such a polymer and a polymer salt and a nano filler.

Abstract: There is provided a preparation process in which a N—H group of a heteroaromatic ring compound having a N—H group in its ring is converted directly to a N—Rf group at a high reaction efficiency without using a catalyst. The preparation process is a process for preparing a compound comprising a heteroaromatic ring structure having a N—Rf group (—Rf is a fluorine-containing organic group) in its ring and is characterized in that the heteroaromatic ring compound having a N—H group in its ring is allowed to react with fluoroalkene in the absence of an alkali metal.