Abstract: A navigation apparatus arranged in such a manner that the background image and a marker image denoting the user's vehicle position are moved in the opposite directions to each other when the vehicle speed is raised. As a result of the relative movement, the coincidence between the marker and the map image is realized. Since the background image and the marker image are moved in the opposite directions to each other, the scroll speed of the background image can be moderated.

Abstract: A multiple transmission system for use in a vehicle, in which a second node having a control function sends an command to first nodes of an ordinary type when an transmission error higher than a certain level takes place or at certain time intervals to effect system refreshment which resides in the following operation. Each of the first nodes, which has received the command, sends its status information (e.g., the status of an input device element such as a sensor or switch) to the other nodes. The other nodes which receive this information initialize their status (e.g., the status of an output device element such as an actuator or a motor) according to the received status information.

Abstract: In a multiplex transmission system for vehicles a transmission path is made usually in the form of a loop, where one master-like supervisory node and a plurality of slave-like ordinary nodes are connected to the path. During diagnosis, this transmission path is interrupted, thus interrupting the loop. On the interrupted transmission path, the master supervisory node causes a diagnostic signal to flow in the two directions of the transmission path. The supervisory node pinpoints the position of a line disconnection in the transmission path on the basis of a reception confirmation signal received regarding respective directions from each of the ordinary nodes.

Abstract: A fuel cell electrode having a structure wherein at least one catalytic active component selected from noble metals belonging to the groups I and VIII in the periodic table is carried on surfaces and among lamellar crystalline layers of a donor-type graphite intercalation compound, is effective for improving cell performance when used in a fuel cell.