Abstract: A brake control apparatus is provided with a simulator for applying a biasing force to a manually operated braking member of a vehicle in response to braking operation. A sensor detects conditions of the vehicle including a braking condition of the vehicle. A first biasing device applies a first biasing force to the manually operated braking member in response to braking operation, and a second biasing device applies a second biasing force, as well. Only one of the first and second biasing devices applies the biasing force to the manually operated braking member when a predetermined condition is detected by the sensor, while both of the first and second biasing devices apply the biasing forces in the normal braking operation.

Abstract: A method for producing deionized water by an electro-regenerating deionization method, which comprises employing a deionized water producing apparatus comprising an electrodialyzer, wherein cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes are arranged alternately between an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode so as to form demineralizing compartments partitioned by the anion exchange membranes on the anode side and partitioned by the cation exchange membranes on the cathode side and concentrating compartments partitioned by the cation exchange membranes on the anode side and partitioned by the anion exchange membranes on the cathode side, and ion exchangers being accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, supplying water to be treated in the demineralizing compartments and supplying a concentrated water which is an electrolyte solution to the concentrating compartments under applying a voltage to transfer and remove impurity ion contained in t

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a vehicle braking system having a stroke simulator and a servo device, which includes a pressure generator for generating a hydraulic braking pressure, a wheel brake cylinder operatively mounted on each wheel of the vehicle, a pressure control valve device which is disposed in a passage for communicating the pressure generator with the wheel brake cylinder, to control the hydraulic braking pressure supplied to the wheel brake cylinder, and an electronic controller for controlling at least in response to an amount of operation of the brake pedal. A master cylinder is provided for communicating with the wheel brake cylinder and supplying the hydraulic braking pressure into it in response to operation of the brake pedal, when at least one of the pressure generator, the pressure control valve device and the electronic controller is abnormal.

Abstract: An electro-regenerating type apparatus for producing deionized water, which comprises an electrodialyzer having cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode, demineralizing compartments compartmentalized with the anion exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with the cation exchange membranes on the cathode side, and concentrating compartments compartmentalized with the cation exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with the anion exchange membranes on the cathode side, the electrodialyzer having ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, wherein a porous anion exchanger layer having a porosity of from 20 to 95%, a maximum pore size of from 0.01 to 500 &mgr;m and a thickness of at least five times the maximum pore size and from 10 &mgr;m to 10 mm, is provided on the anode side of each anion exchange membrane.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing deionized water consisting essentially of an electrodialyzer having cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between a cathode and an anode to form demineralizing compartments and concentrating compartments, and ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, wherein a pressure of from 0.1 to 20 kg/cm2 is exerted between the ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments and the cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes defining the demineralizing compartments.

Abstract: A load transmitting elastic member is interposed between an input rod and a piston of a master cylinder or a piston of a pedal stroke simulator to which the operation force of a brake pedal is applied from the input rod. The set load of the load transmitting elastic member is lower than the predetermined load required for causing the piston to begin to slide and the maximum load of the load transmitting elastic member is higher than the predetermined load required for causing the piston to begin to slide. The stroke of the brake pedal thus begins through application of a small depression force applied to the brake pedal and so the operational feeling of the brake pedal is improved.

Abstract: A vehicle brake control system includes a detecting device that receives a driver's braking intention which is in the form of a physical variable and outputting an electric signal indicating the intention, a vehicle brake device that establishes a brake operation by applying a braking force to a wheel brake device, and a control device that controls the vehicle brake device such that the braking force is in the form of an independent braking force of the electric signal and a dependent braking force on the electric signal at an initial stage and at a successive stage thereof, respectively.

Abstract: A brake pressure control device for a vehicle includes a wheel brake, a reservoir, a master cylinder, an accumulator which stores the fluid pressure at a pressure higher than the fluid pressure generated by the master cylinder, and a fluid pump which discharges fluid pressure higher than the fluid pressure in the accumulator. A first fluid conduit connects the master cylinder to the wheel brake, a second fluid conduit connects the fluid pump to the wheel brake, a third fluid conduit connects the fluid pump to the accumulator, a fourth fluid conduit connects the accumulator to the suction port of the fluid pump, and a fifth fluid conduit connects the wheel brake to the reservoir. A first valve opens and closes the first fluid conduit, a second valve opens and closes the second fluid conduit, a third valve opens and closes the third fluid conduit, a fourth valve opens and closes the fourth fluid conduit, and a fifth valve opens and closes the fifth fluid conduit.

Abstract: A compact brake pressure controller that can be produced at relatively low cost and which is capable of pressurizing a wheel cylinder quickly through use of a hydraulic pump includes shut-off valves provided between a master cylinder and pressure increasing valves, and suction valves alternatively permitting and preventing brake fluid flow through the suction paths. Restricted passages are also provided between the shut-off valves and the pressure increasing valves. As applied to traction control, when the speed of the driving wheels exceeds the speed of the driven wheels by an amount in the excess of a first predetermined value, the suction valves are opened and the hydraulic pumps are driven to supply brake fluid in the master cylinder to the wheel cylinders.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a fluid pressure control apparatus which allows the gradient of pressure increase to be adjusted finely without using any accumulator. The fluid pressure control apparatus of the present invention includes a hydraulic pump driven by a drive motor and a wheel brake. A first orifice is provided in a passage portion on the side of an outlet of the hydraulic pump. Another passage portion on the side of an inlet of the hydraulic pump is connected to the passage portion between the first orifice and the hydraulic pump through a return passage. A switching valve and a second orifice are connected in series along the return passage. The pressure increase gradient can be set to a small value by changing the amount of fluid flowing into the wheel brake. This is effected, for example, by changing the ratio of the fluid passage area of the first orifice to that of the second orifice, the operational speed of the hydraulic pump, or the duty ratio of the switching valve.

Abstract: A hydraulic brake pressure control system for an automotive vehicle has a primary pressure control circuit including a connecting line for connecting a master cylinder and a wheel brake cylinder. A reservoir holds brake fluid and is connected to a reservoir circuit. A first solenoid valve is disposed in the primary pressure control circuit for selectively closing the connecting line. A second solenoid valve is disposed for selectively connecting a portion of the connecting line between the first solenoid valve and the wheel brake cylinder with the reservoir circuit. The second solenoid valve opens in response to a pressure difference between the primary pressure control circuit and the reservoir circuit when the primary pressure control circuit is evacuated during the initial filling of brake-fluid into the system.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing deionized water consisting essentially of an electrodialyzer having cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between a cathode and an anode to form demineralizing compartments and concentrating compartments, and ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, wherein a pressure of from 0.1 to 20 kg/cm.sup.2 is exerted between the ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments and the cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes defining the demineralizing compartments.

Abstract: A method for producing deionized water by self-regenerating type electrodialysis deionization, which comprises (i) using a deionized water-producing apparatus containing an electrodialyzer comprising cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between an anode compartment provided with an anode and a cathode compartment provided with a cathode, demineralizing compartments compartmentalized with anion exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with cation exchange membranes on the cathode side, and concentrating compartments compartmentalized with cation exchange membranes on the anode side and compartmentalized with anion exchange membranes on the cathode side, the electrodialyzer having ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, and (ii) applying a voltage while supplying water to be treated to the demineralizing compartments to remove impurity ions in the water to be treated, wherein at least a part of the untreated water or already treate

Abstract: A pressure control apparatus includes a first brake pressure control valve for controlling communication between a first wheel brake for applying a braking force to an driving wheel of a vehicle and a pressure generating chamber of a master cylinder and for controlling communication between the first wheel brake and a low back pressure reservoir, and a second brake pressure control valve for controlling communication between a second wheel brake for applying a braking force to a non-driving wheel of the vehicle and the pressure generating chamber and for controlling communication between the second wheel brake and the low back pressure reservoir. A pump draws brake fluid from the reservoir into the first wheel brake and into the second wheel brake through the second control valve.

Abstract: A pressure control apparatus is operated to connect a wheel cylinder to a reservoir via a return fluid passage so that brake fluid will be stored in the reservoir to reduce the pressure. In accordance with the operation of a fluid pressure pump, the brake fluid is discharged from the reservoir into the return fluid passage to supply the brake fluid to the wheel cylinder, so that the wheel cylinder pressure is gradually increased. Based on detection of a sharp decrease of the motor load, it is estimated that the reservoir has become empty. Then, brake fluid is taken from a fluid pressure generating apparatus into the wheel cylinder.

Abstract: An one-component developing device includes an electrically conductive member which is located in a region extending from a position downstream, with respect to a moving direction of a surface of a toner carrying member, to a developing region, and is in contact with the surface of the toner carrying member. A surface of the electrically conductive member contacting the developing sleeve is formed of material, of which charge polarity is shifted to the same polarity side as a regular charge polarity of the toner in view of charge series, and which contains highly conductive material dispersed therein.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image developing device includes a rotatable developing sleeve for providing an electrostatic latent image formed on a photoreceptor with a toner so as to develop the latent image into a visual image, and a toner regulating blade which contacts at one surface with the developing sleeve so that the toner is regulated and then formed into a thin layer. The toner regulating blade has, in a surface confronting the toner bearing member, a bevelled portion which forms a wedge shaped space in a upstream side of a contact region of the blade and the developing sleeve with respect to a direction of a movement of the developing sleeve. Further, the toner regulating blade has chamfered portions in the bevelled portion at both sides thereof. Therefore, the sleeve bears a toner thin layer having a constant density.

Abstract: In a hydraulic brake system for a vehicle, the brake fluid in a first wheel brake and the brake fluid in a second wheel brake which are hydraulically connected to a pressure generating chamber of a master cylinder are individually caused to flow into a low back pressure reservoir with the aid of an electromagnetic change-over valve and first and second electromagnetic cut-off valves; and with a pump driven by an electric motor, the brake fluid flowing in the low back pressure reservoir in the above-described manner is caused to flow through a first check valve and a first orifice to the first wheel brake, and through a second check valve and a second orifice to the second wheel brake. With the pump operated, the first and second electromagnetic cut-off valves are individually operated, so that the first and second wheel brakes are individually decreased or reincreased in hydraulic pressure. For traction control, electromagnetic change-over valves provided in bypass passages are operated.

Abstract: The hydraulic brake system for a vehicle which can perform anti-lock control includes a brake circuit for connecting a master cylinder to wheel brakes, a control valve circuit for decreasing hydraulic brake pressure in the wheel brake by discharging brake fluid from the wheel brake to a reservoir, a plunger pump driven by an electric motor for returning brake fluid from the reservoir to the brake circuit and a slit formed on at least the discharge valve seat or the suction valve seat of the pump unit for evacuating the pump chamber of the plunger pump. The hydraulic brake system can further include a one-way valve which permits communication between the pressure chamber of the pump with the reservoir for evacuation.

Abstract: In a hydraulic brake system for a vehicle, the brake fluid in a first wheel brake and the brake fluid in a second wheel brake, which are hydraulically connected to a pressure generating chamber of a master cylinder, are caused to individually flow into a low back pressure reservoir with the aid of an electromagnetic change-over valve and electromagnetic cut-off valves. The brake fluid in the low back pressure reservoir is caused to flow through a check valve and an orifice into the first wheel brake and through another check valve and another orifice into the second first wheel brake by the operation of a pump which is driven by an electric motor. With the pump in operation, the electromagnetic cut-off valves are individually operated so that the first and second wheel brakes are decreased or reincreased in hydraulic pressure. Thus, the system is low in manufacturing cost, being operable with only one pump and only one low back pressure reservoir.