Abstract: A method for processing a substrate includes preparing a substrate having a first layer on a first surface side thereof, the first layer having a material capable of suppressing transmission of laser light, processing the substrate with laser light from a second surface that is opposite the first surface of the substrate toward the first surface of the substrate, and allowing the laser light to reach the first layer to form a hole in the substrate, and performing etching of the substrate from the second surface through the hole.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus uses R32, a refrigerant mixture containing R32 and HFO1234yf in which R32 has a mass percentage of 40% or higher, or a refrigerant mixture containing R32 and HFO1234ze in which R32 has a mass percentage of 15% or higher, as a heat-source refrigerant. The air-conditioning apparatus includes a low-pressure shell-structure compressor, a first flow switching valve, a heat-source-side heat exchanger, first flow control devices, and plural use-side heat exchangers connected by refrigerant pipes, forming a refrigeration cycle. The compressor includes a compression chamber within a sealed container including an opening extending between inside and outside of the sealed container. The air-conditioning apparatus can perform only a heating at the use-side heat exchangers, only a cooling at the use-side heat exchangers, and a mixed cooling and heating in a mixed fashion at the use-side heat exchangers.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool excellent in wear resistance is provided. The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material and a coating formed on the base material. The coating includes an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is a single layer or a multilayer stack constituted of two or more layers made of at least one element selected from the group consisting of group IVa elements, group Va elements, group VIa elements in the periodic table, Al, and Si, or a compound of at least one element selected from this group and at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and boron. The outer layer includes ?-aluminum oxide as a main component and exhibits an equivalent peak intensity PR(024) of a (024) plane of x-ray diffraction of larger than 1.3.

Abstract: A heat pump hot-water supply apparatus controls a second expansion device during a heating operation so as to adjust the amount of refrigerant flowing through an injection pipe, and controls a third expansion device during a cooling operation so as to adjust the amount of refrigerant flowing through the injection pipe.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus that includes a refrigeration cycle in which a compressor, a heat-source side heat exchanger, an expansion unit, and a load-side heat exchanger are included and are connected with refrigerant pipes, includes cutoff units capable of flowing or cut off a refrigerant circulating in the refrigeration cycle; a detection unit detecting leaking of the refrigerant on the basis of a resistance that changes with densities of plural kinds of leaked refrigerants; a concentration calculation unit calculating a concentration of a refrigerant that has leaked, on the basis of the resistance of the detection unit; a concentration detection unit outputting a calculation result of the concentration calculation unit in order that the calculation result is used for controlling the cutoff units; and a cutoff control unit controlling the cutoff units on the basis of an output of the concentration detection unit.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit including a low-pressure shell structure compressor into which a refrigerant flowing through an injection pipe flows, a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a first expansion device, a refrigerant flow switching device, and a second expansion device configured to allow the refrigerant which has passed through the first expansion device and flows from the second heat exchanger to the first heat exchanger to have an intermediate pressure, the compressor, the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, the first expansion device, the refrigerant flow switching device, and the second expansion device being connected by pipes to constitute the refrigerant circuit, and further includes a controller that controls an amount of refrigerant flowing through the injection pipe into a compression chamber. A part of a high-pressure refrigerant flowing from the first heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger flows through the injection pipe.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus directly detects leakage of a plurality of types of refrigerant by computing refrigerant concentrations, and ensure safety. On the basis of calibration curve information, a computing device computes the concentration of heat source side refrigerant in a heat medium relay unit from detected information received from a concentration detecting device.

Abstract: A method of forming a fluorinated molecular entity includes reacting in a reaction mixture an aromatic halide, copper, a fluoroalkyl group, and a ligand. The aromatic halide includes an aromatic group and a halogen substituent bonded to the aromatic group. The ligand includes at least one group-V donor selected from phosphorus and an amine. The overall molar ratio of copper to aromatic halide in the reaction mixture is from 0.2 to 3. The method further includes forming a fluoroalkylarene including the aromatic group and the fluoroalkyl group bonded to the aromatic group. A composition, which may be used in the method, consists essentially of copper, the fluoroalkyl group, and the ligand, where the molar ratio of copper to the fluoroalkyl group is approximately 1.

Abstract: Obtained is an air-conditioning apparatus capable of having a thin low-pressure gas pipe even when a refrigerant with a low refrigerant density at low pressure is used. An air-conditioning apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit connecting a compressor, a heat source side heat exchanger, expansion devices, and use side heat exchangers with pipes and circulating a refrigerant whose density in a saturated refrigerant gas at 0 degrees C. is 35 to 65% of the density of an R410A refrigerant, and supercooling means (supercooling heat exchanger, expansion device, and bypass) making a liquid temperature sent from the heat source side heat exchanger to the expansion devices be 5 degrees C. or less in a cooling operation.

Abstract: A heat pump device heats a second heat medium to a high temperature with high efficiency by using a secondary-loop refrigeration cycle while achieving a cooling operation and a heating operation simultaneously in a state where reliability and efficiency are ensured. In a heat pump device, a heat medium relay unit and a water heating unit are each provided with two connection ports that are connectable to refrigerant pipes, a refrigerant circuit and a refrigerant circuit are connected to each other via a heat exchanger included in the water heating unit, and a second heat medium is heated in a heat exchanger.

Abstract: In an air-conditioning apparatus including a refrigerant circulating circuit A and a heat medium circulating circuit B that performs passing of heat to and from the refrigerant circulating circuit A, the heat medium circulating circuit is a closed circuit, the maximum pump head Pp of a pump of the heat medium circulating circuit is 150 kPa or more, and a pressure near at least a suction side of the pump is set to a charged pressure that is maintained equal to or higher than the atmospheric pressure during operation of the pump.

Abstract: Obtained is a heat medium relay unit capable of having improved serviceability and an air-conditioning apparatus equipped with the heat medium relay unit. Heat medium flow control devices are each disposed below a corresponding one of the first heat medium flow switching devices. The heat medium flow control devices are similarly disposed in a zigzag manner along with the zigzag arrangement of the first heat medium flow switching devices.

Abstract: A refrigerant circuit device includes a compressor, a heat exchanger that is capable of exchanging heat between the refrigerant and a heat medium, and other components that are connected by pipes, in which the refrigerant circuit circulates a refrigerant. A heat medium circulating circuit circulates the heat medium in the heat exchanger. At least the compressor is housed in an outdoor unit, at least the heat exchanger is housed in a heat medium relay unit, and an indoor unit is housed in a use side heat exchanger. The outdoor unit, the heat medium relay unit, and the indoor unit are formed separately and can be disposed in separate positions. A housing of the heat medium relay unit has an opening that allows ventilation between the housing space of the heat exchanger related to heat medium and the space outside the housing space.

Abstract: [Object] To reduce pressure loss of refrigerant while suppressing a cost increase. [Solution] In an air-conditioning apparatus 100 having a compressor 201, a radiator 204 (301), an expansion device 302, and an evaporator 301 (204), which are connected by a refrigerant pipe to form a refrigeration cycle, at least a part of the refrigerant pipe (207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212) that connects from the suction side of the compressor 201 to the evaporator 301 (204) is configured by a plurality of pipes connected in parallel, and a refrigerant that flows through the refrigeration cycle is a tetrafluoropropene-based refrigerant or a refrigerant mixture having tetrafluoropropene as a main component.

Abstract: An outdoor unit includes a compressor that compresses a flammable refrigerant, a heat source side heat exchanger that exchanges heat between the refrigerant and air in an unconditioned space, an outdoor unit air-sending device disposed at a position where the air is enabled to flow out of a housing to the outside, the outdoor unit air-sending device being driven to maintain the concentration of the refrigerant in the housing at or below a predetermined concentration, and an outdoor unit controller that controls an operation of the compressor and an operation of the outdoor air-sending device. The outdoor unit controller allows the outdoor unit air-sending device to operate in order to maintain the concentration of the refrigerant at or below the predetermined concentration even when the compressor is stopped.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool according to the present invention includes a base material and a coating film formed on the base material. The coating film includes at least one TiCN layer. The TiCN layer has a columnar crystal region. The columnar crystal region is characterized by having a composition of TiCxNy (in which 0.65?x/(x+y) 0.90), having a (422) plane having a plane spacing of 0.8765 ? to 0.8790 ? and having TC (220) showing a maximum value in an orientation index TC (hkl).

Abstract: In an air-conditioning apparatus, an expansion device, a second refrigerant flow switching device, and heat exchangers related to heat medium, connected between the expansion device and the second refrigerant flow switching device such that a heat source side refrigerant flows in parallel, are connected in a part of refrigerant passages, and an expansion device, a second refrigerant flow switching device, and heat exchangers related to heat medium, connected between the expansion device and the second refrigerant flow switching device such that the heat source side refrigerant flows in series, are connected in the rest of the refrigerant passages.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus once transfers energy to a heat medium other than a refrigerant and introduces the heat medium to another refrigeration cycle to achieve safety improvement and high efficiency. An air-conditioning apparatus allows first heat exchangers related to heat medium to exchange heat between a first refrigerant (heat source side refrigerant) and a first heat medium and allows a second heat exchanger related to heat medium to exchange heat between the first heat medium and a second refrigerant (hot water supply side refrigerant), such that the first refrigerant and the second refrigerant are prevented from mixing with each other.

Abstract: The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention is characterized in that a region of 10 ?m in a surface of the base material from point a? to point b? has two to seven cracks with a width of not more than 200 nm, or two to ten pores are present per length of 10 ?m in the surface of the base material from point a? to point b?, where points a? and b? are points defined respectively by lines drawn perpendicularly from points a and b to the surface of the base material where point a is a position located away from an edge ridgeline toward a rake face by distance La and point b is a position located away from the edge ridgeline toward a flank face by distance Lb.

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit of a refrigeration cycle through which a refrigerant that transits in a supercritical state is allowed to flow, and a flow dividing device that divides the flow of a high-pressure liquid refrigerant in a subcritical state into two or more parts. The flow dividing device is configured such that the device is oriented substantially in the horizontal direction or substantially upward in the vertical direction relative to the direction of flow of the refrigerant in a liquid state. With such a configuration, the flow of refrigerating machine oil is equally divided, thus offering high energy saving while keeping heat-medium conveyance power at a low level without reducing the heat exchanging performance.