Abstract: The present invention provides spot-illumination of a specific size having sufficiently homogeneous light intensity distribution, with a small and inexpensive apparatus. A lighting assembly condenses the light from light source 1 with condensing-reflecting member 2. An optical integrator 3 receives at its one end the light via condensing-reflecting member 2 and emits from the other end after making the light intensity distribution homogeneous A projection lens system 4 projects the emitting surface of optical integrator 3 onto an emitted surface. By shifting the relative positioning between the lighting assembly and the substrate 11, and adjusting the distance between the substrate 11 and the mask 12, which stores a pattern to be formed, a specified area of the exposure surface 11a is scanned and exposed to have a mask pattern transcribed on the exposure surface 11a.

Abstract: An exposure method for irradiating a mask from above the mask held in proximity to a substrate positioned below the mask to transfer a mask pattern of the mask to a photosensitive layer of the substrate by exposing the photosensitive layer to a light beam, includes the steps of using a gap-measuring device to measure a gap between a portion of the mask to be locally scanned and irradiated and a portion of the substrate to be locally irradiated, comparing a value measured by the gap-measuring device with a preset value, and locally deforming the mask and/or the substrate according to a difference between the value measured by the gap-measuring device and the preset value so as to cause the gap to approach a predetermined value.

Abstract: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methylaminopiperidin-1-yl )-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid dihydrate having the following formula: ##STR1## The crystal of this dihydrate exhibits excellent stability over the other crystal forms under various pharmaceutical formulation conditions such as moisture absorption and blending in solvents and, hence, it is a most advantageous crystal form in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: An exposure method for irradiating a mask from above the mask held in proximity to a substrate positioned below the mask to transfer a mask pattern of the mask to a photosensitive layer of the substrate by exposing the photosensitive layer to a light beam, includes the steps of using a gap-measuring device to measure a gap between a portion of the mask to be locally scanned and irradiated and a portion of the substrate to be locally irradiated, comparing a value measured by the gap-measuring device with a preset value, and locally deforming the mask and/or the substrate according to a difference between the value measured by the gap-measuring device and the preset value so as to cause the gap to approach a predetermined value.

Abstract: The control switch according to the present invention provides different electric conduction states and may be used for setting a point indicated by a cursor on a monitor in a navigation system. The control switch comprises (i) two terminal members each having four terminals, and (ii) common terminals respectively corresponding to the two terminal members. One terminal member is different in phase from the other terminal member. When one common terminal and its terminal member are short-circuited by a movable contact-piece member, the other common terminal and its terminal member are in a non-conduction state. When the common terminal and its terminal member are short-circuited by a movable contact-piece member, the one common terminal and its terminal member are in a state of non-conduction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display according to the present invention has a pair of plastic substrates opposing each other and a liquid crystal sandwiched therebetween. A hard coat layer made from a resin composition including fine particles of silicon oxide and an organic resin, an undercoat layer and a transparent electrode which are respectively made from an inorganic oxide are formed in this order on the inner opposing surface of each plastic substrate. Thus, a liquid crystal display having a hard coat layer serving as a buffer layer is provided. In this liquid crystal display, cracks in the undercoat layer and the transparent electrode and peeling between the plastic substrate and the undercoat layer are prevented.

Abstract: An electrical connector with the function of instantaneous breaking of a current in response to detection of a leak. The connector comprises: a current supply cord for connecting a load to a source; a pair of plug blades connected electrically with the current supply cord and projected out of a connector body; a sensor mounted in the connector body for detecting a current leak; a breaker device for breaking the connection between the plug blades and the current supply cord in response to a detection by the leak detection sensor.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the present invention are represented by the general formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen atom or amino, R.sub.2 is fluorine atom or methoxy, R.sub.3 is hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and n is 0 or 1. The compounds of the general formula (1) exhibit higher antibacterial activity with fewer side-effects than known quinolone antibiotics such as ofloxacin and norfloxacin. Further, the compounds having the general formula (1) have reduced phototoxicity which normally accompanies 6,8-defluoroquinoline antibiotics.

Abstract: A velocity signal is obtained by calculating both the selected signal of the differentiated signal of the position signal from a position detector and the selected signal of the sinusoidal wave signal according to position displacement, so that a velocity detection produces a smaller velocity detection error at a low velocity and generates no ripple component even when a high velocity is detected.

Abstract: A hook switch has a box-shaped body an an open end. Within the box-shaped body there is fixed at least one contact piece, and extending from the box-shaped body is an arm on which an actuator is rotatably mounted. A slider is received within the box-shaped body. This slider has a spring biased protrusion with a spherical top which extends through a hole in a cover of the box-shaped body and is engaged by the actuator and displaced against the spring bias. In the process, a movable contact piece mounted on the slider engages a corresponding fixed contact piece mounted within the box-shaped body.

Abstract: A scanning type projection exposure system includes a source emitting light. The light is applied to a portion of a mask having a preset pattern. At least one optical erect projection sub-system images a portion of the pattern on a substrate. The portion of the pattern corresponds to the portion of the mask exposed to the light. The projection sub-system is subjected to scanning movement. The mask and the substrate are subjected to scanning movement. Relative positions of the mask and the substrate are held fixed during the scanning movement of the mask and the substrate.

Abstract: A method for controlling a first arm (11) and a second arm (12) in an articulated robot comprising said first arm (11) supported rotatably by a main body (1) via a first articulated joint and said second arm (12) supported rotatably by said first arm (11) via a second articulated joint.When a top of said second arm (12) moves from a certain starting point P.sub.i to an end point P.sub.i+1, the angular velocity curve during acceleration and deceleration is determined based on the positional data of the points P.sub.i, P.sub.i+1 in a manner such that the acceleration time and the deceleration time become shortest under such conditions that torques impressed on the motor (13), (14) and the speed reducer (15), (16) do not exceed an upper torque tolerance limit, respectively.By such method, the transfer time can be shortened substantially and reasonably in comparison with the conventional method in which the acceleration and deceleration times are fixed.

Abstract: Phenylpiperazine derivatives of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or a straight- or branched-chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may be substituted at any position by a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group or an oxo group; and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group or a sulfamoyl group, and a process for producing the same are disclosed. The derivatives of the formula have alpha blocking and serotonin antagonizing activities and are useful as a drug.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## (wherein R.sub.1 is a lower alkyl group, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, which may be the same or different, represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, a trifluoromethyl group or a lower alkoxycarbonyl group; two adjacent groups of R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may combine to form a methylenedioxy group; n is an integer of 2 to 6) or salts thereof, are disclosed.These compounds are useful as agents for treating circulatory diseases because they have hypotensive action and are capable of increasing the cerebral blood flow, decreasing the heart rate and suppressing ventricular arrhythmia due to myocardial ischemia.

Abstract: An agent for treating diseases in circulatory organs which comprises a piperazine compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and A are as defined hereunder, or a salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: A compound of the formula ##STR1## is useful for treating circulatory diseases.

Abstract: 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is prepared by reacting 1,5,7-trien-3.beta.,25-diol with a 1,2,4-triazoline-dione derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group or an aryl or substituted-aryl group; reacting the resulting 1,4-cyclic adduct represented by the general formula ##STR2## wherein R is as defined above, with a peroxide to form a 1.alpha.,2.alpha.-epoxide compound represented by the general formula ##STR3## wherein R is as defined above, reducing the so formed compound with a metal hydride to form cholesta-5,7-diene-1.alpha.,3.beta.,25-triol, irradiating the so formed compound with ultraviolet rays to form 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyprevitamin D.sub.3, isomerizing the so formed previtamin D.sub.3, and recovering 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

Abstract: Indazole derivatives represented by the formula ##SPC1##Wherein X is hydrogen, halogen atom or lower alkyl group; R and R' each is hydrogen, lower alkyl group or lower alkenyl group and when taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic ring; and n is an integer of 1 - 3 are novel compounds having tranquilizing activity, antidepressive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, circulatory activity etc. and are useful as medicines.