Abstract: A monitoring device includes a transmitting unit, a receiving unit, and a determining unit. The transmitting unit transmits, to a plurality of base stations, instructions on mutual monitoring among the base stations. The receiving unit receives, from a base station that has detected abnormality of a base station serving as a monitoring target in accordance with the instruction among the base stations, information indicating a base station determined as having abnormality. The determining unit determines a level of a fault that has occurred in the base station indicated by the information received by the receiving unit.

Abstract: An object is to provide a blazed diffraction grating having a smaller blaze angle than an existing blaze angle, and a method for producing the same. A method for producing a blazed diffraction grating includes the steps of forming a resin layer on a support having a saw-tooth sectional shape and having a surface on which a basic blaze surface and a basic riser surface are arranged alternately and repeatedly in a direction, such that the thickness of the resin layer contacting with the surface monotonically changes in the direction, and forming a metal coating film covering the resin layer surface. The method for monotonically changes the thickness comes in a formation method by difference in volatilization volume after applying a solvent resin on the support, and a formation method by a centrifugal force.

Abstract: A monitoring device includes a transmitting unit, a receiving unit, and a determining unit. The transmitting unit transmits, to a plurality of base stations, instructions on mutual monitoring among the base stations. The receiving unit receives, from a base station that has detected abnormality of a base station serving as a monitoring target in accordance with the instruction among the base stations, information indicating a base station determined as having abnormality. The determining unit determines a level of a fault that has occurred in the base station indicated by the information received by the receiving unit.

Abstract: To cover a wide wavelength bandwidth, a spectroscopic apparatus uses three varied line spacing concave diffraction gratings G1 to G3, the corresponding energy ranges for G1, G2, and G3 being 50 to 200, 155 to 350, and 300 to 2200 eV, respectively. In the respective wavelength ranges, the diffraction conditions are satisfied. To provide a high throughput and a high resolution in the respective wavelength regions, the incident angles ?1 to ?3 for G1 to G3 measured from the normal line of the diffraction grating are specified to be ?1<?2<?3. Presupposing the normal lines of all diffraction gratings are superposed upon a common normal line, in order to meet ?1<?2<?3, the center positions ?1 to ?3 for G1 to G3 are set on the normal line (as ?1<?2<?3). From G1 to G3, one diffraction grating can be selected.

Abstract: Provided is a diffraction grating having a surface with a groove-and-ridge structure formed with a preset periodic distance, the groove-and-ridge structure including a plurality of grooves, wherein a concave structure and/or a convex structure extending across at least one of the grooves and having a level difference from the bottom surface of the groove is formed on the surface. In the diffraction grating according to the present invention, the diffracting grooves in the groove-and-ridge structure formed with the preset periodic distance are divided into a plurality of sections. Therefore, even if oil or water contained in air-born dust, the sebum or perspiration of a user, or a similar liquid substance is adhered to the surface of the diffraction grating, the oil or the like will not spread over an area other than the section to which it has adhered. Thus, a decrease in the diffraction efficiency is prevented.

Abstract: To cover a wide wavelength bandwidth, a spectroscopic apparatus uses three varied line spacing concave diffraction gratings G1 to G3, the corresponding energy ranges for G1, G2, and G3 being 50 to 200, 155 to 350, and 300 to 2200 eV, respectively. In the respective wavelength ranges, the diffraction conditions are satisfied. To provide a high throughput and a high resolution in the respective wavelength regions, the incident angles ?1 to ?3 for G1 to G3 measured from the normal line of the diffraction grating are specified to be ?1<?2<?3. Presupposing the normal lines of all diffraction gratings are superposed upon a common normal line, in order to meet ?1<?2<?3, the center positions ?1 to ?3 for G1 to G3 are set on the normal line (as ?1<?2<?3). From G1 to G3, one diffraction grating can be selected.

Abstract: A transmission device includes a first light emission unit having a light source for emitting one optical signal. A reception unit includes an X-Y address system image sensor, having a pixel region including a plurality of pixels, for receiving the optical signal by the pixel region; a classification unit for creating classification information representing a pixel group including pixels, among the plurality of pixels, which are irradiated with the optical signal; and a control unit for controlling the X-Y address system image sensor in accordance with the classification information to simultaneously read signals of the pixels belonging to the pixel group.

Abstract: A first modulation section performs low-speed digital modulation of first data. A second modulation section performs high-speed digital modulation of second data. A first light transmitting section alternately emits and quenches visible light in accordance with an output signal of the first modulation section to transmit a visible light signal which conveys the first data. A second light transmitting section changes an intensity of the infrared light in accordance with an output signal of the second modulation section to transmit an infrared light signal, which conveys the second data, in parallel with the visible light signal.

Abstract: A peaking current generating section generates a spire-shaped peaking current that is in synchronism with the transitions of the digital signal, at the rising edge and the falling edge. A light emitting element driving section produces a driving current obtained by combining together a signal amplitude current according to the amplitude of the digital signal and the peaking current. Then, the light emitting element driving section drives a light emitting element by using the driving current. A signal analysis section analyzes the digital signal so as to set a control signal based on the pulse width of the digital signal. A clipping section clips the peaking current of the driving current according to the control signal set by the signal analysis section.

Abstract: A first peaking current generating section generates a first peaking current in synchronism with the transitions of a digital signal, being positive at the rising edge and negative at the falling edge. A second peaking current generating section generates a second peaking current in synchronism with the transitions of the digital signal, being negative at the rising edge and positive at the falling edge. A first light emitting element driving section produces a first driving current obtained by combining together a signal amplitude current according to the amplitude of the digital signal and a first peaking current. A second light emitting element driving section produces a second driving current obtained by combining together the signal amplitude current according to the amplitude of the digital signal and a second peaking current.

Abstract: An optical space transmission module reduces an upper limit of light output based on a safety standard of a laser, reduces light returned to a laser, and is made smaller in size. The optical space transmission module includes a light emitting section which outputs a transmission light, a base section including a reflection section which reflects the transmission light, and a reflection type diffusion section which reflects and converts into a diffused light the reflected light which has been reflected by the reflection section. The reflection section has a function to increase a beam diameter of the transmission light after reflection.

Abstract: An optical transmitter for performing high-rate data communication by means of optical space transmission is provided, which can reliably perform optical axis adjustment manually and visually, and can prevent a device from being made large in size and manufacturing cost of the device from being increased by using an simply-constructed optical transmitter. Thus, the optical transmitter of the present invention comprises an incident beam restriction section operable to allow only a visible beam which is emitted by a terminal located within a range in which an infrared beam is emitted and incident thereon to pass therethrough, a reflection section operable to reflect the visible beam which has passed through the incident beam restriction section, and a light source operable to emit the infrared beam to pass through the reflection section according to a data transmission request signal from the terminal.

Abstract: An arrangement is made such that the magnitude of cure shrinkage obtained by multiplying the thickness of a resin layer 2 between a master mold 1 and a negative mold substrate 3 by the cure shrinkage ratio of the resin and the magnitude of cure shrinkage obtained by multiplying the thickness of a resin layer 4 between the negative mold 23 and the surface of the spherical or flat substrate 5 by the cure shrinkage ratio of the resin can be compensated for by each other. In accordance with this method, an aspherical optical element having a higher precision than ever can be formed at reduced cost by a replica method involving the addition of a resin layer to the surface of a spherical or flat substrate.

Abstract: A light receiver comprises a Fresnel lens for collecting light signals, and a light receiving element disposed closer to the Fresnel lens than the focal point of the Fresnel lens for receiving the light signals collected by the Fresnel lens. The Fresnel lens comprises a lens surface group having a plurality of lens surfaces, and a back cut surface group having a plurality of back cut surfaces connecting the lens surfaces. The back cut surfaces are inclined with respect to the center axis of the Fresnel lens. Thus, the light receiver has a high light collection efficiency of light signals incident within a certain acceptance angle.

Abstract: A dynamic traffic control method is disclosed that controls traffic in a radio network system where a radio network controller causes plural radio base stations to change radio outputs. The method comprises a step of measuring a channel utilization rate of each of cells of the radio base stations every predetermined period, a step of predicting whether the rate of a first cell of the cells reaches an implementation level, at which radio output control over the first cell is required, in a next period based on a movement of the rate in the past if the channel utilization rate of the first cell is at a warning level, and a step of reducing the radio output of the first cell and increasing the radio output of a second cell adjacent to the first cell if the rate of the first cell is predicted to reach the implementation level.

Abstract: To provide an optical transmission system which cancels out noise components and whose construction cost is lower than that of the conventional system, the present invention is an optical transmission system for transmitting an optical signal from an optical transmitter to an optical receiver and outputting an output electrical signal after a noise canceling process is performed. The optical receiver and transmitter are connected by one optical fiber, through which an optical signal is transmitted before being intensity-modulated.

Abstract: A peaking current generating section (2) generates a spire-shaped peaking current that is in synchronism with the transitions of the digital signal (S), at the rising edge and the falling edge. A light emitting element driving section (5) produces a driving current obtained by combining together a signal amplitude current according to the amplitude of the digital signal (S) and the peaking current. Then, the light emitting element driving section (5) drives a light emitting element (1) by using the driving current. A signal analysis section (9) analyzes the digital signal (S) so as to set a control signal based on the pulse width of the digital signal (S). A clipping section (8) clips the peaking current of the driving current according to the control signal set by the signal analysis section (9).

Abstract: A plurality of first refraction surfaces 121 and a plurality of second refraction surfaces 122 are alternately provided on an emission surface of a lens element 120 so as to form concentric circles each having an optical axis 113 at the center thereof, and having diameters different from each other, and a light reflected by a plurality of reflection surfaces 123 provided on an incident surface of the lens element so as to form concentric circuits each having the optical axis 113 at the center thereof and having diameters different from each other, is refracted and emitted by the plurality of second refraction surfaces 122 at desired angles. Therefore, it is possible to enhance efficiency and an emission intensity, and reduce variations in brightness of an emitted light without increasing the diameter of the lens element 120, thereby realizing a light emitting module 100 enabling advantageous performance.

Abstract: An optical transmission apparatus is provided in which high optical output power is secured in an optical transmitter, the fine adjustment of the optical axis is unnecessary, and the propagation range of the optical output signal can be adaptively changed. A diffusing liquid lens includes a first liquid and a second liquid containing a scattering material that scatters light, and the curvature of the boundary surface between the first and the second liquids is changed according to the control voltage applied from a controlling unit. A first optical signal outputted from a light emitting device is diffused in the first liquid, and emitted as a second optical signal having a spread angle corresponding to the curvature of the boundary surface and a substantially uniform radiant intensity distribution.

Abstract: A SW (70) receives an Ethernet® signal from an outside of areas E and F. The SW (70) selects and outputs the obtained Ethernet® signal to any one of APs (91a to 91e) in accordance with a network structure managed by the SW (70). The AP (91a to 91e) converts the Ethernet® signal to an electrical signal type wireless LAN signal, which is in turn output to a main station (10). The main station (10) frequency-multiplexes the signal output from each of the APs (91a to 91e), and converts the signal to an optical signal, which is in turn output to sub-stations (20a and 20b). The sub-station (20a and 20b) transmits the signal transmitted from the main station (10) to a terminal in the form of a wireless radio wave. Thereby, when a plurality of communication areas are present, the accommodation capacity of an AP can be effectively utilized in each communication area.