Abstract: A magnetic field measuring apparatus for measuring a to-be-measured magnetic field includes a magnetic impedance element with an impedance change rate that changes depending on the to-be-measured magnetic field, a drive signal providing section and a measurement range setting section. The drive signal providing section provides a drive signal to the magnetic impedance element. A measurement range setting section sets a measurement range in which the to-be-measured magnetic field can be measured. A relationship between the to-be-measured magnetic field and the impedance change rate is arranged to change depending on a frequency of the drive signal. The measurement range setting section is arranged to set the measurement range by setting the frequency.

Abstract: A method is provided which can separate rhenium from a solution containing rhenium by a simple procedure in a shorter time. A method of selectively recovering rhenium from a solution containing rhenium and one or more different metals is also provided. A method of recovering rhenium is used. The method involves (A) adding an electron donor (aliphatic secondary alcohol or aliphatic secondary thioalcohol) and a ketone compound to a solution containing perrhenate ions, (B) irradiating the solution after the addition step with ultraviolet light to precipitate a reduced species of the perrhenate ions contained in the solution, and (C) separating the reduced species of perrhenate ions from the solution, the reduced species being precipitated during the ultraviolet light irradiation.

Abstract: A method is provided which can separate rhenium from a solution containing rhenium by a simple procedure in a shorter time. A method of selectively recovering rhenium from a solution containing rhenium and one or more different metals is also provided. A method of recovering rhenium is used. The method involves (A) adding an electron donor (aliphatic secondary alcohol or aliphatic secondary thioalcohol) and a ketone compound to a solution containing perrhenate ions, (B) irradiating the solution after the addition step with ultraviolet light to precipitate a reduced species of the perrhenate ions contained in the solution, and (C) separating the reduced species of perrhenate ions from the solution, the reduced species being precipitated during the ultraviolet light irradiation.

Abstract: To manufacture a switching apparatus that includes a piezoelectric actuator with increased lifespan, provided is a method for manufacturing a bimorph actuator, comprising first piezoelectric element layer formation of forming a first piezoelectric element layer on a substrate; support layer formation of forming a support layer made of an insulator on the first piezoelectric element layer; second piezoelectric element layer formation of forming a second piezoelectric element layer on the support layer; and removal of removing a portion of the substrate to form an actuator that includes the first piezoelectric element layer, the support layer, and the second piezoelectric element layer.

Abstract: A method of decomposing a fluorinated organic compound involves irradiating a target fluorinated organic compound with light in the presence of electrolyzed sulfuric acid. In detail, the inventive method involves adding electrolyzed sulfuric acid prepared by electrolysis of an aqueous sulfuric acid solution at an anode to a solution containing the target fluorinated organic compound and irradiating the solution with light to decompose the fluorinated organic compound into fluoride ions and carbon dioxide. The method can decompose fluorinated organic compounds at reduced decomposition energy, without high-temperature incineration that has been conventionally required. An apparatus for decomposing a fluorinated organic compound is also provided that is utilizable in practicing the method.

Abstract: A switching apparatus comprising a contact point section including a first contact point; an actuator including a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to a first drive voltage and a second piezoelectric film provided in parallel with the first piezoelectric film and expands and contracts according to a second drive voltage, and a control section that controls the first drive voltage and the second drive voltage is provided. The actuator moves a second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point according to the contraction and expansion of the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film. When switching from a contact state to a separated state, the control section stops supplying the first drive voltage and applies the second drive voltage causing the second piezoelectric film to contract to the second piezoelectric film, such that the actuator is biased to return.

Abstract: Provided is an actuator apparatus including: an actuator that is provided with a driving voltage at one end and a reference potential at the other end to enable driving; a first setting section that is connected to the one end of the actuator and sets an operating speed of the actuator; a second setting section that is provided between the one end of the actuator and the reference potential, and sets the driving voltage of the actuator.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing an organic compound having a sulfo group by efficiently hydrolyzing an organic compound having a fluorosulfonyl group with a small number of steps with a small quantity of waste liquid. A method for producing an organic compound having a sulfo group, which comprises bringing an organic compound having a fluorosulfonyl group into contact with subcritical water at from 200 to 320° C. to convert the fluorosulfonyl group into a sulfo group.

Abstract: A package of a switching apparatus that houses an actuator having a movable contact point and in which a fixed contact point, which is electrically connected to or disconnected form the movable contact point, is accurately formed. Provided is a switching apparatus comprising a first substrate provided with a via that electrically connects a top surface thereof and a bottom surface thereof, while maintaining an air-tight state between the top surface and the bottom surface; a second substrate provided on the first substrate and in which is formed a through-hole that houses an actuator; and a third substrate provided on the second substrate and supporting the actuator, which has a moveable contact point.

Abstract: An actuator is manufactured that includes piezoelectric film that does not suffer physical damage. Provided is a manufacturing method comprising first insulating layer deposition of depositing a first insulating layer on a substrate using an insulating material; first annealing of annealing the first insulating layer; first electrode layer deposition of depositing a first electrode layer on the first insulating layer using a conductive material; first piezoelectric film deposition of depositing a first piezoelectric film on the first electrode layer by applying a sol-gel material on the first electrode layer and annealing the sol-gel material; second electrode layer deposition of depositing a second electrode layer on the first piezoelectric film using a conductive material; second insulating layer deposition of depositing a second insulating layer on the second electrode layer using an insulating material; and second annealing of annealing the second insulating layer.

Abstract: Provided is a switching apparatus comprising a contact point section that includes a first contact point; an actuator that includes a second contact point and moves the second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point; and a control section that controls a first drive voltage. The actuator includes a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to the first drive voltage and a support layer disposed on the first piezoelectric film. The control section causes the first piezoelectric film to contract by causing a change from a voltage that applies an electric field that is less than a first coercive electric field to a voltage that applies an electric field that exceeds the first coercive electric field, and causes the first piezoelectric film to expand by outputting a voltage that applies an electric field that is less than a second coercive electric field.

Abstract: To restrict a bowing amount of a piezoelectric actuator, provided is a switching apparatus comprising a contact point section including a first contact point; and an actuator that moves a second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point. The actuator includes a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to a drive voltage to change a bowing amount of the actuator, and a second piezoelectric film that is provided in parallel with the first piezoelectric film and restricts bowing of the actuator when the drive voltage is not being supplied to the first piezoelectric film.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing an organic compound having a sulfo group by efficiently hydrolyzing an organic compound having a fluorosulfonyl group with a small number of steps with a small quantity of waste liquid. A method for producing an organic compound having a sulfo group, which comprises bringing an organic compound having a fluorosulfonyl group into contact with subcritical water at from 200 to 320° C. to convert the fluorosulfonyl group into a sulfo group.

Abstract: Provided is an actuator apparatus including: an actuator that is provided with a driving voltage at one end and a reference potential at the other end to enable driving; a first setting section that is connected to the one end of the actuator and sets an operating speed of the actuator; a second setting section that is provided between the one end of the actuator and the reference potential, and sets the driving voltage of the actuator.

Abstract: A switching apparatus comprising a contact point section including a first contact point; an actuator including a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to a first drive voltage and a second piezoelectric film provided in parallel with the first piezoelectric film and expands and contracts according to a second drive voltage, and a control section that controls the first drive voltage and the second drive voltage is provided. The actuator moves a second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point according to the contraction and expansion of the first piezoelectric film and the second piezoelectric film. When switching from a contact state to a separated state, the control section stops supplying the first drive voltage and applies the second drive voltage causing the second piezoelectric film to contract to the second piezoelectric film, such that the actuator is biased to return.

Abstract: Provided is a switching apparatus comprising a contact point section that includes a first contact point; an actuator that includes a second contact point and moves the second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point; and a control section that controls a first drive voltage. The actuator includes a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to the first drive voltage and a support layer disposed on the first piezoelectric film. The control section causes the first piezoelectric film to contract by causing a change from a voltage that applies an electric field that is less than a first coercive electric field to a voltage that applies an electric field that exceeds the first coercive electric field, and causes the first piezoelectric film to expand by outputting a voltage that applies an electric field that is less than a second coercive electric field.

Abstract: To manufacture a switching apparatus that includes a piezoelectric actuator with increased lifespan, provided is a method for manufacturing a bimorph actuator, comprising first piezoelectric element layer formation of forming a first piezoelectric element layer on a substrate; support layer formation of forming a support layer made of an insulator on the first piezoelectric element layer; second piezoelectric element layer formation of forming a second piezoelectric element layer on the support layer; and removal of removing a portion of the substrate to form an actuator that includes the first piezoelectric element layer, the support layer, and the second piezoelectric element layer.

Abstract: A package of a switching apparatus that houses an actuator having a movable contact point and in which a fixed contact point, which is electrically connected to or disconnected form the movable contact point, is accurately formed. Provided is a switching apparatus comprising a first substrate provided with a via that electrically connects a top surface thereof and a bottom surface thereof, while maintaining an air-tight state between the top surface and the bottom surface; a second substrate provided on the first substrate and in which is formed a through-hole that houses an actuator; and a third substrate provided on the second substrate and supporting the actuator, which has a moveable contact point.

Abstract: An actuator is manufactured that includes piezoelectric film that does not suffer physical damage. Provided is a manufacturing method comprising first insulating layer deposition of depositing a first insulating layer on a substrate using an insulating material; first annealing of annealing the first insulating layer; first electrode layer deposition of depositing a first electrode layer on the first insulating layer using a conductive material; first piezoelectric film deposition of depositing a first piezoelectric film on the first electrode layer by applying a sol-gel material on the first electrode layer and annealing the sol-gel material; second electrode layer deposition of depositing a second electrode layer on the first piezoelectric film using a conductive material; second insulating layer deposition of depositing a second insulating layer on the second electrode layer using an insulating material; and second annealing of annealing the second insulating layer.

Abstract: To restrict a bowing amount of a piezoelectric actuator, provided is a switching apparatus comprising a contact point section including a first contact point; and an actuator that moves a second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point. The actuator includes a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to a drive voltage to change a bowing amount of the actuator, and a second piezoelectric film that is provided in parallel with the first piezoelectric film and restricts bowing of the actuator when the drive voltage is not being supplied to the first piezoelectric film.