Abstract: A piezoelectric driving device including a laminated body having a base that is capable of being deformed by applying force, a first piezoelectric body that is formed on a first face of the base directly or via another layer, and a second piezoelectric body that is formed on a second face of the base substantially parallel to the first face directly or via another layer, a driving voltage generating section that generates a driving voltage according to a displacement amount of the laminated body, a compensating voltage generating section that generates a compensating voltage compensating for hysteresis caused by the displacement of the laminated body by the driving voltage, and a voltage applying section that applies each of the driving voltage and the compensating voltage to each of the first piezoelectric body and the second piezoelectric body.

Abstract: A piezoelectric driving device including a laminated body having a base that is capable of being deformed by applying force, a first piezoelectric body that is formed on a first face of the base directly or via another layer, and a second piezoelectric body that is formed on a second face of the base substantially parallel to the first face directly or via another layer, a driving voltage generating section that generates a driving voltage according to a displacement amount of the laminated body, a compensating voltage generating section that generates a compensating voltage compensating for hysteresis caused by the displacement of the laminated body by the driving voltage, and a voltage applying section that applies each of the driving voltage and the compensating voltage to each of the first piezoelectric body and the second piezoelectric body.

Abstract: A method of decomposing a fluorine-containing organic material, which includes irradiating a mixture of an aqueous phase containing a photocatalyst with the fluorine-containing organic material with light in the presence of an oxygen source. The fluorine-containing organic material may be contained in a carbon dioxide phase such that the aqueous phase and the carbon dioxide phase are mixed with each other with stirring to form a mixed phase which is irradiated with the light.

Abstract: A method of decomposing a fluorine-containing organic material, which includes irradiating a mixture of an aqueous phase containing a photocatalyst with the fluorine-containing organic material with light in the presence of an oxygen source. The fluorine-containing organic material may be contained in a carbon dioxide phase such that the aqueous phase and the carbon dioxide phase are mixed with each other with stirring to form a mixed phase which is irradiated with the light.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of efficiently manufacturing a III-V group compound semiconductor that carbon mixing is reduced, wherein a compound represented by the formula (1) or (2) is used as a V group source: ##STR1## wherein X represents a V group element, n represents integer of 1 to 3, and Y represents electron-releasing group bonded to a position selected from 2-, 4-, and 6-positions, ##STR2## wherein X represents a V group element, m represents an integer of 1 or 2, and Y represents electron-releasing group bonded to a position selected from 2- and 4-positions.