Abstract: A composition including a coated nanoparticle including a nanoparticle and a cross-linked carbohydrate-based coating and an ion selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and mixtures thereof; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.

Abstract: Example computer-implemented methods, computer-readable media, and computer systems are described for providing communication protocol architecture or framework for magnetic induction (MI)-based communications in wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs), for example, in underground oil reservoirs. In some aspects, environment information of an underground region that affects the transmission qualities of MI communications is evaluated. A protocol stack is identified. The protocol stack includes a number of layers for MI communications among a number of sensors in a WUSN in the underground region. A cross-layer framework and the distributed protocol are built to jointly optimize communication functionalities of the plurality of layers based on the evaluation.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly and an energy storage capacitor. The energy storage capacitor has an electrode mounted in the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field, and a capacitive charge storage medium surrounding the electrode. A communication cable extends through a tubular member to the electrode. A fast-closing switch is positioned such that when the fast-closing switch is in a closed position, a circuit is formed that discharges the electrode.

Abstract: Example computer-implemented methods, computer-readable media, and computer systems are described for accurate localization of wireless sensor devices in underground oil reservoirs. In some aspects, every sensor measures respective received magnetic field strengths (RMFSs) on a plurality of respective magnetic induction (MI) links and transmits the measured respective RMFSs to at least one anchor devices. A set of distances is determined from the measured respective RMFSs. The set of distances is processed through an ordered sequence of algorithms, namely weighted maximum likelihood estimation (WMLE), semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxation, alternating direction augmented Lagrangian method (ADM), and conjugate gradient algorithm (CGA), to generate accurate localization of the wireless sensor devices in underground oil reservoirs.

Abstract: A composition including a coated nanoparticle including a nanoparticle and a cross-linked carbohydrate-based coating and an ion selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and mixtures thereof; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly and an energy storage capacitor. The energy storage capacitor has an electrode mounted in the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field, and a capacitive charge storage medium surrounding the electrode. A communication cable extends through a tubular member to the electrode. A fast-closing switch is positioned such that when the fast-closing switch is in a closed position, a circuit is formed that discharges the electrode.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly having a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section. An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field. A capacitive charge storage medium is mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounds each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite. A fast-closing switch is located between the first and second sections of the sonde assembly.

Abstract: Example computer-implemented methods, computer-readable media, and computer systems are described for providing communication protocol architecture or framework for magnetic induction (MI)-based communications in wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs), for example, in underground oil reservoirs. In some aspects, environment information of an underground region that affects the transmission qualities of MI communications is evaluated. A protocol stack is identified. The protocol stack includes a number of layers for MI communications among a number of sensors in a WUSN in the underground region. A cross-layer framework and the distributed protocol are built to jointly optimize communication functionalities of the plurality of layers based on the evaluation.

Abstract: A composition including a coated nanoparticle including a nanoparticle and a cross-linked carbohydrate-based coating and an ion selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and mixtures thereof; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.

Abstract: A composition including a coated nanoparticle including a nanoparticle and a cross-linked carbohydrate-based coating and an ion selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and mixtures thereof; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly and an energy storage capacitor. The energy storage capacitor has an electrode mounted in the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field, and a capacitive charge storage medium surrounding the electrode. A communication cable extends through a tubular member to the electrode. A fast-closing switch is positioned such that when the fast-closing switch is in a closed position, a circuit is formed that discharges the electrode.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly having a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section. An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field. A capacitive charge storage medium is mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounds each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite. A fast-closing switch is located between the first and second sections of the sonde assembly.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly having a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section. An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field. A capacitive charge storage medium is mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounds each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite. A fast-closing switch is located between the first and second sections of the sonde assembly.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly having a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section. An energy storage capacitor of the sonde assembly includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field, and a capacitive charge storage medium mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounding each electrode. The sonde assembly further includes a fast-closing switch located between the electrodes of the first and second sections of the sonde assembly.

Abstract: A variable-frequency light source is configured to emit a light beam and modulate a frequency of the light beam. A fiber optic cable is attached to the variable frequency light source. The fiber optic cable is configured to receive the light beam at an inlet and pass the light beam to an exit. Multiple optical detectors are attached to the fiber optic cable. Each of the optical detectors is configured to detect a specified frequency of light that is backscattered through the fiber optic cable. An actuation mechanism is attached to the fiber optic cable. The actuation mechanism is configured to deform the fiber optic cable in response to a stimulus.