Abstract: A system and method designing a metalens including nanostructures and a spacer layer between the nanostructures. The method includes; selecting a design area in relation to a width of the nanostructure and a pitch of the nanostructure, setting a search route in the design area in a direction in which a phase decreases, calculating transmittance at a reference point on the search route and change points near the reference point along the search route, determining the width of the nanostructure and the pitch of the nanostructure, generating a phase map corresponding to the width of the nanostructure and the pitch of the nanostructure, extracting an extracted width of the nanostructure and an extracted pitch of the nanostructure having a target phase from the phase map, and placing the nanostructure having the extracted width and extracted pitch in relation to the metalens corresponding to the target phase.

Abstract: Electromagnetic wave oscillators each having a multi-tunnel and electromagnetic wave generating apparatuses including the electromagnetic wave oscillators are provided. The electromagnetic wave oscillator includes: a first waveguide which has a folded structure such that a path traveled by an electromagnetic wave through the first waveguide crosses an axial direction a plurality of times; an electron beam tunnel through which an electron beam passes, wherein the electron beam tunnel extends along the axial direction and crosses the first waveguide a plurality of times; and at least one auxiliary tunnel which extends parallel to the electron beam tunnel and which crosses the first waveguide a plurality of times.

Abstract: A terahertz interaction circuit is provided. The terahertz interaction circuit includes a waveguide and an electron beam tunnel. The waveguide has a folded shape and in which an electromagnetic wave propagates. The electron beam tunnel is formed to penetrate through the waveguide. An electron beam passes through the electron beam tunnel. The waveguide includes a ridge portion in which a portion of a surface of the waveguide protrudes into the waveguide.

Abstract: A terahertz interaction circuit includes a waveguide through which electromagnetic waves pass, the waveguide having a folded shape and including a narrow open cavity portion; and an electron beam tunnel through which an electron beam passes, the electron beam tunnel penetrating through the waveguide.

Abstract: Electromagnetic wave oscillators each having a multi-tunnel and electromagnetic wave generating apparatuses including the electromagnetic wave oscillators are provided. The electromagnetic wave oscillator includes: a first waveguide which has a folded structure such that a path traveled by an electromagnetic wave through the first waveguide crosses an axial direction a plurality of times; an electron beam tunnel through which an electron beam passes, wherein the electron beam tunnel extends along the axial direction and crosses the first waveguide a plurality of times; and at least one auxiliary tunnel which extends parallel to the electron beam tunnel and which crosses the first waveguide a plurality of times.

Abstract: A terahertz interaction circuit includes a waveguide through which electromagnetic waves pass, the waveguide having a folded shape and including a narrow open cavity portion; and an electron beam tunnel through which an electron beam passes, the electron beam tunnel penetrating through the waveguide.

Abstract: A portable quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer includes an electron emission source, an ion trap including a ring electrode and first and second end cap electrodes arranged opposite sides of the ring electrode, and an ion detector for detecting an amount of ions discharged from the ion trap. The first end cap electrode includes a first aperture through which the electrons emitted by the electron source enter the ion trap, and the second end cap electrode includes a second aperture through which ions are discharged the ion trap. A first electron multiplier is disposed in the first aperture of the first end cap electrode and multiplies an amount of the electrons and input to the ion trap. An ion detector detects an amount of the ions discharged from the ion trap.

Abstract: A terahertz interaction circuit is provided. The terahertz interaction circuit includes a waveguide and an electron beam tunnel. The waveguide has a folded shape and in which an electromagnetic wave propagates. The electron beam tunnel is formed to penetrate through the waveguide. An electron beam passes through the electron beam tunnel. The waveguide includes a ridge portion in which a portion of a surface of the waveguide protrudes into the waveguide.

Abstract: A portable quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer includes an electron emission source, an ion trap including a ring electrode and first and second end cap electrodes arranged opposite sides of the ring electrode, and an ion detector for detecting an amount of ions discharged from the ion trap. The first end cap electrode includes a first aperture through which the electrons emitted by the electron source enter the ion trap, and the second end cap electrode includes a second aperture through which ions are discharged the ion trap. A first electron multiplier is disposed in the first aperture of the first end cap electrode and multiplies an amount of the electrons and input to the ion trap. An ion detector detects an amount of the ions discharged from the ion trap.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel having flexibility. The plasma display panel includes a panel assembly that displays images and has flexibility, a plurality of base members that are attached to a surface of the panel assembly and support the panel assembly, and connection members that connect the base members to each other and are installed to be bent in the same direction as the panel assembly is bent. The base members that support the panel assembly having flexibility on a rear surface of the panel assembly can be bent or folded in the same direction as the panel assembly by the connection members.

Abstract: A flexible plasma display panel including a display area defined by a first substrate and a second substrate, which are disposed to face each other to form discharge spaces therebetween, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are flexible and include a plurality of electrodes; and a sealing area for sealing the first substrate and the second substrate by compressing the first and second substrates on edges of the display area.

Abstract: A plasma display panel may include a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, barrier ribs disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and at least partially defining a plurality of discharge cells therebetween, a plurality of pairs of discharge electrodes for generating a discharge in the discharge cells, the plurality of pairs of discharge electrodes being arranged in non-display portions of the plasma display panel, and a color filter layer disposed between the barrier ribs and the first substrate.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP). Embodiments of the PDP provides improved driving and luminous efficiency. In one embodiment, the PDP includes a first substrate and a second substrate, a plurality of barrier ribs between the front substrate and the rear substrate, the barrier ribs forming a plurality of cells, a pair of electrodes including a scan electrode and a sustain electrode on the first substrate, a protrusion wall protruding toward the scan electrode, the protrusion wall at a position on the second substrate and in a cell among the plurality of cells, and a phosphor layer formed in at least a part of the cell.

Abstract: A plasma display panel having a structure for reducing manufacturing costs and the failure rate of terminal portions of discharge electrodes. The PDP includes: a substrate and a barrier rib structure configuring a plurality of discharge cells. Discharge electrodes include discharge portions, terminal portions, and connection portions connecting the discharge portions with the terminal portions. A sealing member seals the discharge cells. A frit seals the substrate and the sealing member. At least one frit guide restricts the spreading of the frit. A phosphor layer is inside each of the discharge cells. A discharge gas is sealed in the discharge cells.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is provided having a plurality of scan electrodes and sustain electrodes formed parallel to each other in pairs on a first substrate, and a plurality of address electrodes formed on a second substrate that cross the plurality of first and second electrode pairs. A reset waveform is applied to a scan electrode during a reset period, and a scan pulse that falls from a first voltage level to a second voltage level is applied to the can electrode during an address period. A pre-scan pulse of a third voltage level, which is higher than the first voltage level, is applied to a scan electrode between the reset and address periods, and either a magnitude of the third voltage level or a width of the pre-scan pulse is adjusted according to patterns of subfield data.

Abstract: A flexible plasma display panel including a display area defined by a first substrate and a second substrate, which are disposed to face each other to form discharge spaces therebetween, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are flexible and include a plurality of electrodes; and a sealing area for sealing the first substrate and the second substrate by compressing the first and second substrates on edges of the display area.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes first and second substrates facing each other, a first barrier rib structure between the first and second substrates, the first barrier rib structure including first and second barrier rib portions in communication with each other, a second barrier rib structure on the second substrate, the second barrier rib structure aligned with the first barrier rib portion to define a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of discharge electrodes, each discharge electrode including a discharge part in the first barrier rib portion, a terminal part in communication with the second barrier rib portion, and a connection part between the discharge and terminal parts, a signal transmitting member with conductive wires, the conductive wires being connected to the terminal parts, a support part between the second substrate and the second barrier rib portion of the first barrier rib structure, and photoluminescent layers in the discharge cells.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a plasma display panel and a method of forming the same, having a first substrate, a second substrate, a barrier rib interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a plurality of grooves formed in the second substrate so as to define discharge cells, a barrier rib electrode including a discharge portion located within the barrier rib to perform a discharge, a contact portion exposed from a surface of the barrier rib, and an intermediate portion connecting the discharge portion and the contact portion, and a terminal electrode on at least one of the first and second substrates such that one end of the terminal electrode may be electrically connected to a signal transmission element and other end thereof may be electrically connected to the contact portion of the barrier rib electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel. The plasma display panel includes a plurality of substrates comprising a first substrate realizing an image and a second substrate, dielectric walls disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and defining a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of a pair of discharge electrodes buried in the dielectric walls and generating a discharge using power that is applied, and phosphor layers formed on the dielectric walls between the discharge electrodes. Luminance and light emitting efficiency of the plasma display panel increase since the distance between the discharge electrodes and the phosphor layers is close by covering the pair of discharge electrodes inside the dielectric walls defining the discharge cells with the plurality of substrates and forming the phosphor layers on the dielectric walls between the discharge electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate, the second substrate disposed facing the first substrate, a dielectric wall disposed between the first and second substrates to define a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of discharge electrode pairs buried within the dielectric wall, a plurality of phosphor layers formed in the discharge cells, and a gas exhaust path unit formed between the dielectric wall and at least one of the substrates.