Abstract: This invention provides 4-amino-1-benzylpiperidine and related compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which are useful as muscarinic receptor antagonists. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors, such as overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, using such compounds.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, f, W, Q, Y, R1, R2, and R3 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: Disclosed are atomic layer deposition method and a semiconductor device including the atomic layer, including the steps: placing a semiconductor substrate in an atomic layer deposition chamber; feeding a first precursor gas to the semiconductor substrate within the chamber to form a first discrete monolayer on the semiconductor substrate; feeding an inert purge gas to the semiconductor substrate within the chamber to remove the first precursor gas which has not formed the first discrete monolayer on the semiconductor substrate; feeding a second precursor gas to the chamber to react with the first precursor gas which has formed the first discrete monolayer, forming a discrete atomic size islands; and feeding an inert purge gas to the semiconductor substrate within the chamber to remove the second precursor gas which has not reacted with the first precursor gas and byproducts produced by the reaction between the first and the second precursor gases.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, including the following steps: flowing a first precursor gas to the semiconductor substrate within a ALD chamber to form a first discrete monolayer on the semiconductor substrate; flowing an inert purge gas to the semiconductor substrate within the ALD chamber; flowing a second precursor gas to the ALD chamber to react with the first precursor gas which has formed the first monolayer, thereby forming a first discrete compound monolayer; and flowing an inert purge gas; forming a first dielectric layer to cover the discrete compound monolayer; forming a second third monolayer above first dielectric layer; and forming a second discrete compound monolayer; and forming a second dielectric layer to cover the second discrete compound monolayer above the first dielectric layer. There is also provided a semiconductor device formed by the ALD method.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, including the following steps: flowing a first precursor gas to the semiconductor substrate within the ALD chamber to form a first discrete monolayer on the semiconductor substrate; flowing an inert purge gas to the semiconductor substrate within the ALD chamber; flowing a second precursor gas to the ALD chamber to react with the first precursor gas which has formed the first monolayer, thereby forming a first discrete compound monolayer; and flowing an inert purge gas; and forming a second discrete compound monolayer above the semiconductor substrate by the same process as that for forming the first discrete compound monolayer. There is also provided a semiconductor device in which the charge trapping layer is a dielectric layer containing the first and second discrete compound monolayers formed by the ALD method.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, m, p, s, t, W, Ar1, X1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, and R7 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compounds of formula I: wherein R1-R5 and a-e are as defined in the specification; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof. The invention also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors using such compounds.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compounds of formula I: wherein R1-R5 and a-e are as defined in the specification; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof. The invention also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors using such compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polishing pad, which has a flatness area and an emboss area on its polishing surface, wherein the flatness area is a flat surface with a roughness less than 20 ?m, for polishing a wafer; the emboss area has grooves, holes or a combination thereof, for pulling up a wafer from the polishing surface after polishing. By using the polishing pad according to the invention, a wafer may have a higher surface flatness after Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP); and after polishing, the wafer is moved to the emboss area of the polishing pad, so that the wafer may be easily separated from the polishing pad surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polishing pad, which has a flatness area and an emboss area on its polishing surface, wherein the flatness area is a flat surface with a roughness less than 20 um, for polishing a wafer; the emboss area has grooves, holes or a combination thereof, for pulling up a wafer from the polishing surface after polishing. By using the polishing pad according to the invention, a wafer may have a higher surface flatness after Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP); and after polishing, the wafer is moved to the emboss area of the polishing pad, so that the wafer may be easily pulled up from the polishing pad surface.

Abstract: This invention provides 4-amino-1-benzylpiperidine and related compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which are useful as muscarinic receptor antagonists. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors, such as overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, using such compounds.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compounds of formula I: wherein R1-R5 and a-e are as defined in the specification; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof. The invention also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors using such compounds.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compounds of formula I: wherein R1-R5 and a-e are as defined in the specification; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof. The invention also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds; processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds; and methods for treating disease conditions mediated by muscarinic receptors using such compounds.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: The invention provides crystalline forms of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-[2-({3-[2-(4-hydroxybenzylamino)ethylcarbamoyl]benzoyl}methylamino)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl ester, and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof. The crystalline form can be a freebase (Form I or II), a salt such as a hemiedisylate salt or a heminapadisylate salt, or a solvate of a salt such as a heminapadisylate methanolate or a heminapadisylate ethanolate. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising these crystalline compounds or prepared using these compounds; processes and intermediates for preparing the crystalline compounds; and methods of using these compounds to treat a pulmonary disorder.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, r, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and W are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of formula I: wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.