Abstract: This application provides a method for performing onboarding. The method includes: A first core network device obtains first information, where the first information indicates that a terminal device performs onboarding, the first core network device is a core network device that serves the terminal device after the terminal device performs handover, and the first core network device supports an onboarding function. The first core network device performs onboarding on the terminal device based on the first information. According to the solutions of this application, after the terminal device performs handover, a core network device that serves the terminal device is the first core network device, and the first core network device supports the onboarding function. Therefore, according to the solutions of this application, the first core network device may continue to perform onboarding on the terminal device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for hydrocracking mineralized refuse pyrolysis oil. The method may use the following steps: (a) crushing and pyrolyzing mineralized refuse to obtain arene and alkane precursor biomass oil; (b) hydrogenating the arene and alkane precursor biomass oil obtained in step (a), and separating the obtained hydrocrackate to obtain arene and alkane; and (c) purifying, recovering and optimizing the arene and alkane obtained in step (b), and performing deep processing to produce naphtha, jet fuel, light diesel oil, and heavy diesel oil.

Abstract: This application describes examples of a tag locating method and system, and a related apparatus. In one example, a first network element sends first indication information to a location management function network element, where both the first network element and the location management function network element are network elements in a core network. The location management function network element obtains, based on the first indication information, a result of locating a first tag, and determines location information of the first tag based on the result of locating the first tag. The first network element obtains the location information of the first tag from the location management function network element.

Abstract: The present application discloses methods and apparatuses for tag management. In an example method, a first mobility management function receives a registration request message sent by an access network device. The registration request message requests to register a tag in a core network. The first mobility management function obtains identification information of a second mobility management function from a unified data management function based on the registration request message. The second mobility management function stores context information of the tag. The first mobility management function obtains the context information of the tag from the second mobility management function.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a packet transmission method and a related apparatus. An access network device receives a first packet from an Internet-of-things (IoT) function network element; the access network device obtains first information, where the first information indicates that the first packet includes a passive or semi-active IoT instruction; and the access network device performs a passive or semi-active IoT operation based on the first packet. According to the foregoing method, the access network device learns that the packet from the IoT function network element is related to a passive or semi-active internet of things, and the access network device performs the passive or semi-active IoT operation based on the first packet. This resolves a packet transmission problem in a scenario in which a passive or semi-active IoT system is converged with a cellular network.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a session management method to provide quality of service (QoS) assurance for a service of a terminal. The method includes: determining, by a first control plane network element in a second network, to manage a session, where the session is used to provide a connection in the first network for a terminal, and the first control plane network element is a network element in the first network; and managing, by the first control plane network element, the session.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and a communication apparatus. The method includes: A first core network device obtains a target credential and attribute information of the target credential, and sends the target credential to a terminal device. The first core network device triggers, based on the attribute information of the target credential, the terminal device to perform, by using the target credential, an authentication procedure corresponding to the target credential. According to the communication method provided in this application, the terminal device can learn of a specific authentication procedure that should be performed by using an obtained credential. In other words, according to the method, the terminal device can perform, by using the obtained credential, the authentication procedure corresponding to the credential.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose methods, systems, and apparatuses for information transmission. In an example method, a network device receives a first passive internet of things instruction, and sends the first passive internet of things instruction to a terminal. The first passive internet of things instruction is an instruction to be sent to a tag, and the terminal is a helper of the tag.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus, to resolve a problem that a terminal device cannot access an NPN that the terminal device wants to access, thereby obtaining a corresponding network service, and improving user experience. The method and the apparatus may be applied to systems such as NR and LTE. The method includes: receiving first network information of a terminal device, and sending a first identifier of a first provisioning server PVS to the terminal device, where the first network information includes network information of a first non-public network NPN and/or network information corresponding to the first PVS, and the first identifier corresponds to the first network information.

Abstract: This application discloses a communication method and a related apparatus. The communication method includes: A first core network element receives a first message from a second core network element, where the first message includes identification information of a first terminal and first identification information of a session, and the session indicated by the first identification information is used by a second terminal to transmit data for the first terminal; the first core network element obtains, based on the identification information of the first terminal, terminal context information corresponding to the session; and the first core network element sends a second message to the second core network element, where the second message includes the terminal context information corresponding to the session. This can directly control session permission of a terminal device, thereby improving accuracy of performing permission control on the terminal device.

Abstract: This application provides a transmission path determining method and an apparatus. The method includes: obtaining steering information, where the steering information includes a threshold condition and an application rule corresponding to the threshold condition; and determining a target transmission path from at least two transmission paths based on the steering information, where the at least two transmission paths include a first transmission path using a first access technology and a second transmission path using a second access technology.

Abstract: This application provides a wireless communication method and apparatus, to flexibly adjust a receiver and an exciter that are used for radio frequency identification, thereby meeting application requirements of complex scenarios. The method includes: A central node determines a first topology between a receiver and an exciter based on first information, where the receiver and the exciter are used for radio frequency identification, and the first information includes status information of the receiver and/or status information of the exciter; and the central node sends second information to the receiver, where the second information indicates the first topology.

Abstract: This application discloses a security parameter obtaining method, an apparatus, and a system, to ensure security of a private network service. In this application, security parameters used to derive an air interface control plane key and an air interface user plane key are separately generated, the security parameter used to derive the air interface user plane key is derived by using a root key of a private network, and derivation is completed in the private network, to prevent the root key of the private network and a process of deriving the security parameter from being exposed in a public network. In this way, when the air interface user plane key is used to securely transmit service data, security of service data transmission over an air interface can be improved.

Abstract: A network access method includes receiving, by a terminal device, a broadcast message from an access network device. The broadcast message includes identification information of one or more closed access groups (CAGs) supported by a first cell and a first default network access indication, and the first default network access indication indicates that the first cell can be accessed in a default access manner. The method also includes, in response to determining a first closed access group (CAG) list does not include the identification information of the one or more CAGs supported by the first cell, accessing, by the terminal device, the first cell based on the first default network access indication. The first CAG list is stored in the terminal device, and the first CAG list includes identification information of a CAG that is allowed to be accessed.

Abstract: An access network device obtains an identifier of a tag device, and determines a 3rd generation partnership project 3GPP network user identifier based on the identifier of the tag device. The access network device may further send a first message to an access and mobility management network element, where the first message includes the 3GPP network user identifier, and 3GPP network user identifier is for authenticating the tag device. The tag device may be an RFID tag, a UWB tag, a Bluetooth device, or the like.

Abstract: A first network element or an access network device determines, based on identification information of one or more terminals on which a first operation is performed and type information of the first operation, quantity information of the first operation that is performed, and the first network element sends charging information including the type information and the quantity information to a charging function network element.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus are provided. The method includes: A session management network element receives first information from user equipment, where the first information indicates a target IMS network to which the user equipment requests to connect, the target IMS network is one of a plurality of IMS networks, and the target IMS network is provided by a target service provider; the session management network element determines first call information based on the first information, where the first call information indicates a target proxy call network element, and the first call information is for establishing a connection between the user equipment and the target IMS network; and the session management network element sends the first call information to the user equipment.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a gateway handover method, a gateway reselection method, and a communications apparatus. The method includes: A source gateway determines to perform gateway handover on a terminal device; determines a target gateway that is to be used to serve the terminal device; and hands over the terminal device from the source gateway to the target gateway. According to the gateway handover method, the gateway reselection method, and the communications apparatus provided in the embodiments of this application, in a non-3GPP network architecture, when gateway handover needs to be performed on the terminal device, the source gateway of the terminal device or the terminal device may hand over the terminal device from the source gateway of the terminal device to the target gateway, to implement gateway handover in the non-3GPP network architecture.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a communication method and apparatus, and relate to the communication field. The method in embodiments of this application includes: A control network element determines to use a same transmission path as a second service data flow for a first service data flow. The control network element sends first indication information to a target network element, where the first indication information indicates to transmit the first service data flow through a same transmission path as the second service data flow. In this way, the first service data flow and the second service data flow can be synchronously transmitted, to resolve a problem of a large transmission delay difference or asynchronization resulting from selecting different transmission paths for the service data flows.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. A user plane network element perform refined differentiated processing on different data packets to adapt to and meet different user requirements and network conditions. A first user plane network element receives a first data packet, where the first data packet carries first indication information. The first user plane network element processes the first data packet based on the first indication information. The first indication information includes one or more of the following: synchronous transmission indication information, packet discard indication information, data type indication information, charging indication information, statistics indication information, or priority indication information.