Abstract: The present invention relates to a variable-torque magnetorheologically actuated prosthetic knee which utilizes a plurality of interspersed and alternating rotors and stators to shear magnetorheological fluid in gaps formed therebetween. Advantageously, by operating in the “shear mode” there is substantially no or negligible fluid pressure buildup or change. Moreover, the multiple MR fluid gaps or flux interfaces desirably allow for the production of a large torque at low speed—eliminating the need for a transmission—and also for a wide dynamic torque range. One embodiment of the invention allows the rotors and/or stators to close the gaps therebetween to create a frictional torque component, thereby forming a “hybrid” braking system which provides a total torque or damping which is a combination of viscous torque and frictional torque.

Abstract: A midsole system for a running shoe or foot prosthesis have a sole spring, a heel spring and/or a forefoot spring stores energy of foot impact and releases it during the running cycle. A preferred embodiment provides bending beam sole systems for shoes or foot prostheses comprising a bending beam heel spring, a bending beam forefoot spring, a two coupled spring sole system, and a three coupled spring sole system. The sole systems of this invention maximize stability, cushioning, and walking or running economy.

Abstract: Bending beam sole systems for shoes or foot prostheses comprising a bending beam heel spring, a bending beam forefoot spring, a two coupled spring sole system, and a three coupled spring sole system. The sole systems of this invention maximize stability, cushioning, and walking or running economy.

Abstract: A crutch system comprising an elbow spring and a shank spring stores and releases energy during crutch locomotion. The elbow spring compresses during elbow flexion and then expands, extending the elbow and lifting the body upwards during uphill crutch locomotion. The shank spring compresses during impact of the crutch bottom with the ground and then expands, thrusting the user upwards and forwards.The crutch of this invention maximizes stability, cushioning, and efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sole system for use especially with an athletic shoe or prosthesis. The sole includes a coupled spring configuration that forms a collapsible, longitudinal arch to permit maximum storage and release of energy during the running cycle.