Abstract: A method and system for monitoring a biomedical signal employ a sensor module configured to output a continuous electrical signal by sensing the biomedical signal, a memory configured to store reference data, a transmitter configured to transmit output data via a wireless channel, and a data processing unit configured to determine whether to transmit input data via the transmitter as the output data, based on the input data, which is generated from the continuous electrical signal, and the reference data.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides a security device capable of reducing an area of a die required for implementation of a stable PUF by increasing the value of entropy from a predefined number of entropy sources and/or minimizing a blind zone of a validity checking module. The security device uses an asynchronous configuration to minimize a blind zone. In various embodiments of the inventive concept, the blind zone is generated only in a period when a reset signal is at a first logic level. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the blind zone by minimizing a period in which the reset signal is at such logic level. A semiconductor device, semiconductor package, and/or smart card can be provided with such security device, as well as a method for determining a validity of a random signal using a semiconductor security device.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides a security device capable of reducing an area of a die required for implementation of a stable PUF by increasing the value of entropy from a predefined number of entropy sources and/or minimizing a blind zone of a validity checking module. The security device uses an asynchronous configuration to minimize a blind zone. In various embodiments of the inventive concept, the blind zone is generated only in a period when a reset signal is at a first logic level. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the blind zone by minimizing a period in which the reset signal is at such logic level. A semiconductor device, semiconductor package, and/or smart card can be provided with such security device, as well as a method for determining a validity of a random signal using a semiconductor security device.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a biomedical sensor configured to generate a first signal by detecting a biomedical signal, a motion sensor configured to generate a second signal by detecting a motion, and a communication interface configured to provide a secure communication channel with another electronic device, and receive a third signal through the secure communication channel. The electronic device further includes a controller configured to generate a secret key for the secure communication channel, based on the first signal, and determine whether to perform a predetermined function, based on the second signal and the received third signal.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring a biomedical signal employ a sensor module configured to output a continuous electrical signal by sensing the biomedical signal, a memory configured to store reference data, a transmitter configured to transmit output data via a wireless channel, and a data processing unit configured to determine whether to transmit input data via the transmitter as the output data, based on the input data, which is generated from the continuous electrical signal, and the reference data.

Abstract: A random number generator includes oscillating units configured to generate entropy sources and amplify the generated entropy sources, an entropy source combination unit configured to receive the entropy sources output from the oscillating units and combine the entropy sources to increase entropy, a sampling unit configured to sample a signal output from the entropy source combination unit in response to a sampling clock, and a clock generator and control unit configured to control the oscillating units and generate the sampling clock.

Abstract: A random number generator includes a first oscillator configured to output a first oscillating signal having a first frequency. A second oscillator is configured to output a second oscillating signal having a second frequency different from the first frequency. A sampling unit is configured to receive the first and second oscillating signals. The sampling unit is configured to generate at least one entropy source by combining the received first and second oscillating signals. The sampling unit is configured to generate a random bit corresponding to the generated entropy source using a third oscillating signal. A third oscillator & control unit is configured to control the first and second oscillators and to generate the third oscillating signal. A frequency of the third oscillating signal is lower than the first and second frequencies.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides a security device capable of reducing an area of a die required for implementation of a stable PUF by increasing the value of entropy from a predefined number of entropy sources and/or minimizing a blind zone of a validity checking module. The security device uses an asynchronous configuration to minimize a blind zone. In various embodiments of the inventive concept, the blind zone is generated only in a period when a reset signal is at a first logic level. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the blind zone by minimizing a period in which the reset signal is at such logic level. A semiconductor device, semiconductor package, and/or smart card can be provided with such security device, as well as a method for determining a validity of a random signal using a semiconductor security device.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a random number has high entropy. The apparatus includes a plurality of random number generators, each of which generates a metastability signal and generates a random number by using the generated metastability signal in a first mode, and in a second mode, the plurality of random number generators are connected to one another to operate as a ring oscillator.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to generate random numbers is provided, the apparatus having high entropy and being capable of a reduced chip size. The apparatus includes a plurality of metastable state generation units configured to generate a metastable state signal, a plurality of amplification units configured to amplify the metastable state signal, a connection signal generation unit configured to generate a first connection signal, and a first commutation unit configured to connect at least one metastable state generation unit to at least one amplification unit according to the first connection signal. For example, the number of metastable state generation units and amplification units necessary to achieve are threshold number of commutation connections can be greatly reduced as compared to conventional apparatuses for generating random numbers.

Abstract: A random number health test method according to the inventive concepts including generating a random number, counting occurrences of at least two words in the generated random number, respectively, calculating probability values corresponding to occurrences of the two counted words; calculating minimum entropies (Hmin) of the respective probability values, and determining health of the generated random numbers using the calculated minimum entropies (Hmin) may be provided.

Abstract: A random number generator includes oscillating units configured to generate entropy sources and amplify the generated entropy sources, an entropy source combination unit configured to receive the entropy sources output from the oscillating units and combine the entropy sources to increase entropy, a sampling unit configured to sample a signal output from the entropy source combination unit in response to a sampling clock, and a clock generator and control unit configured to control the oscillating units and generate the sampling clock.

Abstract: A random number generator includes a signal generator and a sampling unit. The signal generator is configured to generate an alternating sequence of metastable seed signals and oscillating signals during respective first and second half-periods of a clock signal. The oscillating signals having respective phases determined by corresponding ones of the metastable seed signals in the alternating sequence. The sampling unit is configured to detect a logic value of each consecutive oscillating signal during a portion of a respective half-period of the clock signal. The signal generator may be responsive to the clock signal and the sampling unit may be responsive to a delayed version of the clock signal.

Abstract: A random number generating apparatus and method for generating a metastable state signal by using logic gates include a metastable state generating unit generating and outputting a metastable state signal; an amplifying unit receiving the metastable state signal from the metastable state generating unit, amplifying the received metastable state signal, and outputting the amplified metastable state signal; and a sampling unit receiving the amplified metastable state signal and a sampling clock, and sampling and outputting the amplified metastable state signal according to the sampling clock.

Abstract: A cryptographic method for a cryptographic system may include receiving a basic point on an elliptic curve and a scalar k; initializing primary variables with the basic point; iterating through a plurality of operations using a repetitive operation variable; identifying a fault, in one or more of setting secondary variables corresponding to the primary variables, resetting the primary and secondary variables, and calculating a scalar product in a multiplier of the cryptographic system, the identifying of the fault using the primary and secondary variables based on a portion of the scalar k, the fault identified by one of determining that values of at least two of the secondary variables are different and determining that at least one of the secondary variables is different from at least one of the primary variables; and outputting the scalar product if there is no fault identified.

Abstract: A method of countering side-channel attacks on an elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) is provided. The method comprises extending a definition field of an elliptic curve of the ECC to an extension ring in a first field; generating a temporary ciphertext in the extension ring and countering attacks on the ECC; and generating a final ciphertext for the first field if a fault injection attack on the ECC is not detected. The countering of attacks on the ECC may comprise countering a power attack on the ECC. Checking if there is a fault injection attack on the ECC may be performed by determining if the temporary ciphertext satisfies a second elliptic curve equation. The fault detection algorithms takes place in a small subring of the extension ring, not in the original field, to minimize the computational overhead. The method can improve the stability of the ECC and reduce computational overhead of the ECC.

Abstract: Provided is a random number generator including: a clock generator outputting first and second control signals; a ring oscillator (RO) block receiving a meta stable voltage and performing an oscillation operation using the meta stable voltage in response to the first control signal; and a sampling unit sampling an output signal according to the oscillation operation in response to the second control signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for performing a fault detection operation may include a first-coordinate computing unit receiving a first point and a second point in a binary finite field, the first and second points established based on a basic point within a given elliptic curve, each of the first and second points including a first coordinate value and a second coordinate value, the first-coordinate computing unit performing a first addition operation on the first point and the second point to compute a third coordinate value and a second-coordinate computing unit performing a second addition operation on the first and second points to compute a fourth coordinate value, the first and second addition operations computed based on at least one of a difference between the first coordinate values of the first and second points and a difference between the second coordinate values of the first and second points.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to generate random numbers is provided, the apparatus having high entropy and being capable of a reduced chip size. The apparatus includes a plurality of metastable state generation units configured to generate a metastable state signal, a plurality of amplification units configured to amplify the metastable state signal, a connection signal generation unit configured to generate a first connection signal, and a first commutation unit configured to connect at least one metastable state generation unit to at least one amplification unit according to the first connection signal. For example, the number of metastable state generation units and amplification units necessary to achieve are threshold number of commutation connections can be greatly reduced as compared to conventional apparatuses for generating random numbers.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing a random number generator includes a random number generating unit that generates and outputs random numbers, and a switching unit that receives the random numbers from the random number generating unit and selectively transmits the random numbers in response to a switching control signal. A test unit performs a basic test on the random numbers to determine whether the transmitted random numbers are within a statistical range, controls the generation of random numbers according to a result of the basic test, and outputs the switching control signal based on whether a test suite is finished.