Abstract: A method of protecting a load circuit includes sensing a load current passing through a switch electrically in series with the load circuit, sensing a voltage drop across the switch, determining a rate of change of the voltage drop across the switch, determining whether to deactivate the switch based on the load current and the rate of change of the voltage drop across the switch, in response to determining to deactivate the switch, deactivating the switch to shut off current to the load circuit.

Abstract: An electromechanical switching protection system includes an electromechanical switchgear having contacts configured to selectively open and close in response to a control signal, and a junction field effect transistor (JFET) device electrically connected in series with the electromechanical switchgear between an input terminal and an output terminal of the electromechanical switching protection system, a gate of the JFET device being electrically connected to the output terminal.

Abstract: An electromechanical switching protection system includes an electromechanical switchgear having contacts configured to selectively open and close in response to a control signal, and a junction field effect transistor (JFET) device electrically connected in series with the electromechanical switchgear between an input terminal and an output terminal of the electromechanical switching protection system, a gate of the JFET device being electrically connected to the output terminal.

Abstract: Data is stored in a multi-level MRAM (MLC MRAM) cell in a manner that reduces transition states that require high energy. A new data block is received, and the new data block is divided into one or more sub-groups of bits, with each sub-group comprising at least two bits. Each sub-group is assigned data bit locations in a memory store. The received bits are compared with sub-groups present at the data bit locations to determine subgroups of hot bits. For each subgroup of hot bits, an encoding flag value is determined by XORing their most significant bits. The most significant bits of each subgroup of hot bits are complemented and the encoding flag is SET. A data block is generated to establish a data group for each subgroup of hot bits including the subgroup of hot bits and the encoding flag for that subgroup.

Abstract: Data is stored in a multi-level MRAM (MLC MRAM) cell in a manner that reduces transition states that require high energy. A new data block is received, and the new data block is divided into one or more sub-groups of bits, with each sub-group comprising at least two bits. Each sub-group is assigned data bit locations in a memory store. The received bits are compared with sub-groups present at the data bit locations to determine subgroups of hot bits. For each subgroup of hot bits, an encoding flag value is determined by XORing their most significant bits. The most significant bits of each subgroup of hot bits are complemented and the encoding flag is SET. A data block is generated to establish a data group for each subgroup of hot bits including the subgroup of hot bits and the encoding flag for that subgroup.

Abstract: The odd/even invert coding for phase change memory with thermal crosstalk devises a cost model that captures Phase Change Memory (PCM) SET/RESET write asymmetries, as well as write disturbs caused by thermal crosstalk. The cost is computed by counting the different types of transitions between the old and the new data to be written to PCM. An Odd/Even Invert data encoding/decoding algorithm makes intelligent decisions based on a cost model by taking into account the number of bit flips, write asymmetry, as well as write disturbs. The data encoding algorithm recodes the data on the fly based on selective inverting (even, odd, or full invert) to search for a minimum cost solution with aim at reducing write activities and extending the PCM lifetime. A hardware architecture for the present encoding/decoding algorithm is presented that requires only two bits storage overhead for coding, regardless of the width of data.

Abstract: The odd/even invert coding for phase change memory with thermal crosstalk devises a cost model that captures Phase Change Memory (PCM) SET/RESET write asymmetries, as well as write disturbs caused by thermal crosstalk. The cost is computed by counting the different types of transitions between the old and the new data to be written to PCM. An Odd/Even Invert data encoding/decoding algorithm makes intelligent decisions based on a cost model by taking into account the number of bit flips, write asymmetry, as well as write disturbs. The data encoding algorithm recodes the data on the fly based on selective inverting (even, odd, or full invert) to search for a minimum cost solution with aim at reducing write activities and extending the PCM lifetime. A hardware architecture for the present encoding/decoding algorithm is presented that requires only two bits storage overhead for coding, regardless of the width of data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention direct a mobile device to communicate using a particular radio access technology when multiple access technologies are available. Many mobile devices have the capability to use multiple radio access technologies. The process of providing access guidance to the mobile device at a point in time is described herein as a radio access discovery and selection event. Embodiments of the present invention may complete the event using only two messages. In one embodiment, the first message is a SIP OPTIONS message communicated from the mobile device to the access guidance component. This message identifies the mobile device and the mobile device's present location. In one embodiment, the location identification information is communicated within the PANI header. In response, the access guidance component communicates a preferred radio access technology within a SIP 200 OK message.

Abstract: The invention is related to the adjustment of characteristics of a beam bundle of high-energy radiation emitted from a plasma, particularly for applications in semiconductor lithography. For acquiring and adjusting characteristics of a beam bundle of high-energy radiation emitted from a plasma and focused by means of collector optics, an intensity distribution of the radiation is acquired over the cross section of a convergent beam bundle in a measuring plane perpendicular to the optical axis in front of an intermediate focus of the collector optics, and intensity values are recorded in defined sectors for a quantity of reception regions of a measuring device which are aligned with different radii concentric to the optical axis, and measured quantities and control variables are determined from a comparison of the intensity values of different sectors for aligning the collector optics.

Abstract: The invention is related to the adjustment of characteristics of a beam bundle of high-energy radiation emitted from a plasma, particularly for applications in semiconductor lithography. For acquiring and adjusting characteristics of a beam bundle of high-energy radiation emitted from a plasma and focused by means of collector optics, an intensity distribution of the radiation is acquired over the cross section of a convergent beam bundle in a measuring plane perpendicular to the optical axis in front of an intermediate focus of the collector optics, and intensity values are recorded in defined sectors for a quantity of reception regions of a measuring device which are aligned with different radii concentric to the optical axis, and measured quantities and control variables are determined from a comparison of the intensity values of different sectors for aligning the collector optics.

Abstract: A quality management system comprising an interface configured to receive quality information for a session having traffic transported by a communication network between a first end system and a second end system, and transmit a feedback message, and a processing system configured to process the quality information to determine an entity associated with the session, a required service level for the entity, and a delivered service level for the session, process the delivered service level with the required service level to determine a response for the session, and generate the feedback message indicating the response.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for the generation of short-wavelength radiation based on a hot plasma generated by gas discharge and to a method for the production of coolant-carrying electrode housings. It is the object of the invention to find a novel possibility for gas discharge based short-wavelength radiation sources with high average radiation output in quasi-continuous discharge operation by which efficient cooling principles can be implemented using inexpensive and simple means in order to prevent a temporary melting of the electrode surfaces and, therefore, to ensure a long lifetime of the electrodes. According to the invention, this object is met in that special cooling channels for circulating coolant are integrated in electrode collars of the electrode housings.

Abstract: The game consists of a 60 card deck of standard sized playing cards. There are 51 cards with one letter of the English alphabet on the face, six cards with two letters, one with three letters, and two wild cards that can be used as any one letter of the English alphabet. Each card has a numerical value printed on it, which represents the amount of points it is worth during game play. The object of the game is to create word combinations that result in the highest possible numerical score with the cards dealt to the player at the commencement of the game. Game play may end when there are one of the players in a game session has exhausted all of her cards or amassed the highest scoring word combinations. The game is highly customizable, and players may tailor the game's rules to enhance learning and enjoyment.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for the generation of short-wavelength radiation based on a hot plasma generated by gas discharge and to a method for the production of coolant-carrying electrode housings. It is the object of the invention to find a novel possibility for gas discharge based short-wavelength radiation sources with high average radiation output in quasi-continuous discharge operation by which efficient cooling principles can be implemented using inexpensive and simple means in order to prevent a temporary melting of the electrode surfaces and, therefore, to ensure a long lifetime of the electrodes. According to the invention, this object is met in that special cooling channels for circulating coolant are integrated in electrode collars of the electrode housings.

Abstract: A load balancing mechanism maps a binary tree representation of a routing table into a set of fixed size memories. The mechanism efficiently utilizes the memory in the routing table without violating the tree precedence constraints and the memory access requirements of a pipelined system. The mechanism stores a subtree associated with a densely populated level of the binary tree in memory associated with lower levels.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and an arrangement for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, i.e., radiation of high-energy photons in the wavelength range from 11 to 14 nm, based on a gas discharge. The object of the invention, to find a novel possibility for generating EUV radiation in which an extended life of the system is achieved with stable generation of a dense, hot plasma column, is met according to the invention in that a preionization discharge is ignited between two parallel disk-shaped flat electrodes prior to the main discharge by a surface discharge along the superficies surface of a cylindrical insulator with a plasma column generated through the gas discharge with pulsed direct voltage, which preionization discharge carries out an ionization of the working gas in the discharge chamber by means of fast charged particles.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for the suppression of particle emission in the generation of radiation based on hot plasma in x-ray radiation sources, particularly EUV radiation sources.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a radiation source for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation based on a hot, dense plasma generated by gas discharge.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a radiation source for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation based on a hot, dense plasma generated by gas discharge.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for the suppression of particle emission in the generation of radiation based on hot plasma in x-ray radiation sources, particularly EUV radiation sources.