Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: In an operating method of a memory controller, the memory controller includes a logical-to-logical (L2L) mapping table including mapping information between a first logical area and a second logical area and a logical-to-physical (L2P) mapping table including mapping information between the second logical area and a physical area of a memory device. The operating method includes receiving a first logical address of the first logical area and a first command for changing the L2L mapping table to access first data stored in the memory device through the first logical address, detecting a second logical address of the second logical area mapped to a physical address of the physical area in which the first data is stored, in response to the first command, and changing the L2L mapping table to map the first logical address to the second logical address.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory controller which controls a non-volatile memory including a plurality of blocks is provided. The method includes determining an operation count for a first block among the plurality of blocks and avoiding successive wear-leveling on the first block based on the determined operation count thereof.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: A method of processing input/output (I/O) in a storage device includes adjusting a read anticipation time based on a change of a resource management status related to operations of the storage device and performing an I/O processing operation at the storage device based on the adjusted read anticipation time. The I/O processing operation is performed to postpone an operation regarding a program command and perform a read command at higher priority than a write command at the storage device in a period from completion of a read operation at the storage device until the read anticipation time has elapsed.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory controller which controls a non-volatile memory including a plurality of blocks is provided. The method includes determining an operation count for a first block among the plurality of blocks and avoiding successive wear-leveling on the first block based on the determined operation count thereof.

Abstract: A method of processing input/output (I/O) in a storage device includes adjusting a read anticipation time based on a change of a resource management status related to operations of the storage device and performing an I/O processing operation at the storage device based on the adjusted read anticipation time. The I/O processing operation is performed to postpone an operation regarding a program command and perform a read command at higher priority than a write command at the storage device in a period from completion of a read operation at the storage device until the read anticipation time has elapsed.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage device includes; counting a number of fast cycles for the memory block when a program interval between two successive program operations directed to memory cells of the memory block is less than a minimal program interval, and/or when an erase interval between two successive erase operations directed to the memory block is less than a minimal erase interval, and selecting the memory block to be erased by an erase operation or selecting memory cells of the memory block to be programmed by a program operation in response to the counted number of fast cycles for the memory block.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage device includes; counting a number of fast cycles for the memory block when a program interval between two successive program operations directed to memory cells of the memory block is less than a minimal program interval, and/or when an erase interval between two successive erase operations directed to the memory block is less than a minimal erase interval, and selecting the memory block to be erased by an erase operation or selecting memory cells of the memory block to be programmed by a program operation in response to the counted number of fast cycles for the memory block.

Abstract: A storage device includes a nonvolatile memory and a memory controller. The memory controller is configured to receive a first program request from an external host device and program first memory cells of a memory block according to the first program request. The memory controller is further configured to program second memory cells of the memory block without a request of the external host device if a second program request is not received from the external host device for a critical time.

Abstract: A micro speaker including a frame; a yoke fixed to the frame and including a receiving groove; a permanent magnet spaced apart from an inner lateral wall of the receiving groove of the yoke, and fixed to a bottom surface of the yoke; a plate fixed to an upper surface of the permanent magnet, spaced apart from the inner lateral wall of the receiving groove of the yoke, and fixed to the yoke; a diaphragm having an outer circumferential portion fixed to the frame; a base film fixed to a lower surface of the diaphragm and including a first coil that has a planar shape and is printed to have a coil pattern; and a second coil that is formed by winding a wire, has an upper end portion fixed to a lower surface of the base film, extends downwards from the upper end portion, and is electrically connected to the first coil.

Abstract: A multifunctional micro speaker including a frame; a diaphragm having an outer circumference portion fixed to the frame; a voice coil fixed to a lower surface of the diaphragm; a suspension fixed to the frame and having a predetermined elasticity; a yoke fixed to the suspension and including a receiving groove having a concave shape; a permanent magnet fixed to a bottom surface of the receiving groove; and a plate fixed to an upper surface of the permanent magnet, wherein a through hole is vertically formed through a central portion of a magnetic circuit including the yoke, the permanent magnet and the plate. The multifunctional micro speaker includes the through hole formed in a magnetic circuit, and thus, a vibration displacement of the magnetic circuit and a damping coefficient of the diaphragm may be controlled.

Abstract: An integrated multifunctional micro speaker including a speaker frame having an upper portion (an outer portion) that is configured by a moving voice coil type speaker and a lower portion (an inner portion) that is configured by a moving magnet and weight type vibrator supported by a suspension, thereby reproducing a sound and a vibration.

Abstract: A multifunctional micro speaker including a frame; a diaphragm having an outer circumferential portion fixed to the frame; a voice coil fixed to a lower surface of the diaphragm; a first suspension having one side fixed to the frame and having a predetermined elasticity; a yoke fixed to the first suspension and including a receiving groove; a first permanent magnet fixed to a bottom surface of the receiving groove; a plate fixed to an upper surface of the first permanent magnet; a second suspension having one side fixed to the frame, spaced apart from the first suspension in a downwards direction, and having a predetermined elasticity; and a second magnet fixed to the second suspension and spaced apart from the first suspension, wherein the first suspension and the second suspension have a plate shape, wherein at least one lateral surface of the first suspension is magnetized by the first permanent magnet, and wherein at least one lateral surface of the second suspension is magnetized by the second magnet.

Abstract: A multifunctional micro speaker including a frame including a lower plate portion and a lateral wall portion; a diaphragm having an outer circumferential portion that is fixed to the lateral wall portion of the frame; a voice coil fixed to a lower surface of the diaphragm; a suspension including a central portion and a supporting portion, wherein the central portion has a lower surface that is closely fixed to a lower plate member disposed in a lower portion of the frame, and the supporting portion extends from at least a portion of an outer circumferential portion of the central portion and is bent; a yoke fixed to the supporting portion of the suspension; a permanent magnet fixed to a bottom surface of the yoke; and a plate fixed to an upper surface of the permanent magnet.

Abstract: Provided is a computing system and method that utilizes a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). A system including the NVRAM as a part of a memory or a whole memory may execute a program in the NVRAM, and, when the system is re-operated after being shut down, may restore a state and data of the program being executed in the NVRAM to an original state and thus, may provide a permanent computing environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a data processing system and method. The data processing system may include a plurality of servers to process data, and a controller to shut off a power supplied to a server, among the plurality of servers, having data throughput less than a predetermined data throughput.