Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device by programming pages using a N-bit programming mode until a threshold voltage distribution shift for an un-programmed page in the same memory block is determined, and thereafter programming the un-programmed page using a M-bit programming mode, where M is less than N.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a laminate for a printed circuit board, a printed circuit board using the same, and a method of manufacturing the same. The laminate for a printed circuit board includes: a first insulating film; and a second insulating film formed on the first insulating film, wherein a content of a reaction accelerator in the first insulating film is different from that of the second insulating film.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for obtaining blue anthocyanin pigments and compositions including such pigments. This blue anthocyanin is present at an acidic pH (where anthocyanins are most stable) and may be used as a natural color additive. The methods can include cultivating a plant callus from a plant capable of producing anthocyanin in which the callus is treated with a blue anthocyanin-generating agent at a concentration sufficient to generate callus with blue anthocyanin pigments. The method can also include recovering the blue anthocyanin pigments from the culture. In an example, the blue anthocyanin-generating agent is ammonium molybdate.

Abstract: There are provided a method and apparatus for defending a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack through abnormally terminated sessions. The DDoS attack defending apparatus includes: a session tracing unit configured to parse collected packets, to extract header information from the collected packets, to trace one or more abnormally terminated sessions corresponding to one of pre-defined abnormally terminated session cases, based on the header information, and then to count the number of the abnormally terminated sessions; and an attack detector configured to compare the number of the abnormally terminated sessions to a predetermined threshold value, and to determine whether a DDoS attack has occurred, according to the results of the comparison. Therefore, it is possible to significantly reduce a false-positive rate of detection of a DDoS attack and the amount of computation for detection of a DDoS attack.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a memory device. The method includes counting, from among memory cells, a number of first off-cells with respect to a first reading voltage and a number of second off-cells with respect to a second reading voltage, comparing the number of first off-cells and the number of second off-cells, and determining, based on a result of the comparing, whether a programming error exists in a storage region in which the memory cells are included.

Abstract: A method of a user equipment performing random access in a multi-carrier system comprises receiving mapping information through downlink component carriers, sending a random access preamble through uplink component carriers, and receiving a random access response through a specific downlink component carriers determined based on the mapping information.

Abstract: Provided is a composition for preventing hair loss or promoting hair growth including valproic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. The composition may be applied to various industrial fields, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and beauty aid industries.

Abstract: There are provided a method and apparatus for detecting and handling a malicious act that performs billing and takes a financial gain using a short message service (SMS) in real time. The apparatus includes an SMS collecting module configured to collect an SMS message sent from or received in a smartphone; an SMS parsing module configured to parse the collected SMS message; an SMS examining module configured to examine at least one field of the parsed SMS message and determine whether the SMS message is a malicious act-related message based on an access control list (ACL) and an SMS signature DB; and an installing app examining module configured to examine SMS message sending permission of an app to be installed in the smartphone and a priority of an SMS receiver process included in the app and determine whether the app has a possibility of being malware.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for adaptively changing clock frequencies of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) and a bus in a digital system are provided. The system includes an Adaptive Frequency Scaling (AFS) controller and a clock controller. The AFS controller determines whether to change a clock frequency of the CPU according to operation information of the CPU, and determines whether to change a clock frequency of the bus according to operation information of the bus. The clock controller generates a clock frequency of the CPU and a clock frequency of the bus according to the determination of the AFS controller.

Abstract: A method of writing data in a non-volatile memory device includes receiving a program command and a first row address corresponding to a first word line; performing a first partial programming operation with respect to first memory cells coupled to the first word line; performing a second partial programming operation with respect to second memory cells coupled to a second word line adjacent to the first word line; performing a first verification operation by verifying the first partial programming operation; and selectively performing a first additional programming operation with respect to the first memory cells depending on a result of the first verification operation.

Abstract: An apparatus having a recording layer of a magnetic material with a concentration of implanted ions that increases in relation to a thickness direction of the recording layer to provide the recording layer with a continuously varied perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a population of antibodies to have high purity and high quality by removing antibody isoforms and impurities through the use of a cation exchange column, a hydrophobic interaction column, and an anion exchange column successively, without using a protein A column; and to a population of antibodies prepared by the above method.

Abstract: A method for supporting coexistence in a mobile station configured for supporting a coexistence mode of a primary wireless communication system and a secondary wireless communication system. The method comprises transmitting to a base station, via the mobile station, a registration request (REG-REQ) message comprising coexistence capability information, receiving a registration response (REG-RSP) message comprising information about support of the coexistence mode in response to the REG-REQ message, and transmitting to the base station, via the mobile station, a sleep mode request (MOB_SLP-REQ) message comprising first coexistence information for requesting a band adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) for adjacent subcarrier permutation.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method generating a third downmix signal by combining a first downmix signal extracted from a first audio signal and a second downmix signal extracted from a second audio signal; generating third object-based side information by combining first object-based side information extracted from the first audio signal and second object-based side information extracted from the second audio signal; converting the third object-based side information into channel-based side information; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the third downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: An audio decoding method and apparatus and an audio encoding method and apparatus which can efficiently process object-based audio signals are provided. The audio decoding method includes receiving a downmix signal and object-based side information, the downmix signal comprising at least two downmix channel signals; extracting gain information from the object-based side information and generating modification information for modifying the downmix channel signals on a channel-by-channel basis based on the gain information; and modifying the downmix channel signals by applying the modification information to the downmix channel signals.

Abstract: A 3D image display device includes: a display panel including pixels; a signal controller controlling driving of the display panel; and an image signal processor generating a 3D input image signal based on image information and outputting the generated 3D input image signal to the signal controller. The image signal processor includes a view point generating unit generating view points corresponding to the respective pixels, and a 3D input image signal generating unit generating the 3D input image signal for the respective pixels based on information on a position of the pixel, information on the generated view point for the respective pixel, and the image information.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a transparent substrate, a gate line formed on the transparent substrate, a data line crossing the gate line, a thin film transistor electrically connected to the gate line and the data line, and a pixel electrode. The pixel electrode includes a body electrode section electrically connected to the thin film transistor and a plurality of protruding electrodes protruding from the body electrode section. Each of the protruding electrodes includes a trapezoidal electrode having two sides that are inclined with respect to a protrusion direction that is a lengthwise direction of the body electrode section.

Abstract: In a method of optimizing a log likelihood ratio (LLR) used to correct errors related to data stored in a nonvolatile memory device, variation of threshold voltage distribution for a plurality of memory cells included in the nonvolatile memory device is monitored, and the LLR for the memory cells is updated based on a monitoring result. Although the characteristics of the memory cells are deteriorated, the LLR is continuously maintained to the optimal value.

Abstract: In a method of reading data from a nonvolatile memory device, a first read operation for memory cells coupled to a first word line is performed by applying a first read voltage to the first word line, a first read retry is performed to obtain an optimal read level regardless or independent of whether data read by the first read operation is error-correctable, and the optimal read level is stored to perform a subsequent second read operation using the optimal read level. Related methods and devices are also discussed.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof are disclosed.