Abstract: An improved NR-U framework allows a gNB to repeat RLM-RS with the same index over each sub-band of an unlicensed spectrum. For example, a RLM-RS with the same indices are repeated by the gNB over the sub-bands of a wideband channel in an unlicensed spectrum. By monitoring the different sub-bands, a UE may find one or more sub-bands in which the RLM-RS having a particular index is successfully transmitted at a subsequent time.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for testing user equipment (UE) machine learning-assisted radio resource management (RRM) functionalities are provided. One method may include selecting a radio resource management (RRM) functionality to be tested for a user equipment (UE) having advertised machine learning (ML)-assistance capabilities, initializing a machine learning (ML)-assistance model in the user equipment based on the advertised machine learning (ML)-assistance capabilities, generating one or more input test signals and corresponding reference output test conditions depending on the machine learning (ML)-assistance radio resource management (RRM) functionality under test, and activating UE machine learning (ML)-assistance functionality and provisioning, to the user equipment, a test sequence with the generated input test signals and corresponding reference output conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method comprising using a machine learning algorithm to select an antenna panel from a plurality of antenna panels. A first long-term reward value associated with the selected antenna panel is determined based at least partly on one or more first signals received on the selected antenna panel. A second signal is then transmitted or received via the selected antenna panel, if the first long-term reward value exceeds one or more second long-term reward values associated with at least a subset of the plurality of antenna panels.

Abstract: A technique including: determining at a user equipment that a current non-terrestrial cell belonging to a network has become unavailable to the user equipment; and determining whether to initiate a cell search based on at least information at the user equipment about timing of availability to the user equipment of one or more other non-terrestrial cells belonging to the network.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for cluster based local ML model training host selection in asynchronous federated learning model collection. A method may include transmitting local model parameters following training of a model of at least one network element to a network node to be used to cluster the at least one network element with one or more other network elements. The method may also include training, by one or more network elements selected from the cluster, an aggregated model using the local model parameters. The method may further include transmitting, by the one or more network elements selected from the cluster, updated local model parameters of the at least one network element as a result of the training to the network node.

Abstract: An apparatus of a first communication node is provide that includes: means for synchronising a common reference timing with a second communication node; means for obtaining an indication of a time window that specifies a period of time between first and second time instances; and means for configuring a machine learning-based function at the first communication node, wherein the configuration of the machine learning-based function is common between the first and second communication nodes. The apparatus further includes means for executing the machine learning-based function; and means for obtaining information by measuring a performance metric, for the machine learning-based function, during the time window.

Abstract: An apparatus, provided in use in a first device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive first information about a context provided by a controller, said first information being received from a base station; and cause the first device to transmit one or more ping messages to one or more second devices, said one or more ping messages comprising information about said context which causes one or more second devices to reply to the controller.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving one or more estimation models at the apparatus; determining an estimated time-of-stay of an antenna panel of the apparatus, using the one or more estimation models, the time-of-stay comprising a duration for which the antenna panel is active for transmission and/or reception; and determining whether to perform a narrow beam alignment procedure for the apparatus based on the estimated time-of-stay.

Abstract: There is provided a method for a UE of a wireless communication system, the method comprising: detecting an imbalance in a line-of-sight, LOS, training dataset for training a LOS detector; determining a minority class of the LOS training dataset associated with the detected imbalance; transmitting, to a network element of the wireless communication system, a request message indicating the determined minority class and requesting measurement activation to perform one or more measurements, by the UE, to obtain one or more additional signal samples for the minority class; and receiving, from the network element, an activation message causing the UE to perform the one or more measurements during a configured observation window.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program is described comprising: receiving antenna panel switching rate configuration parameters; determining an antenna panel switching rate at a user device of a communication system, wherein the antenna panel switching rate is based on a number of antenna panel switching events within a moving averaging window, wherein the window has a size defined by said configuration parameters; and providing a panel switching rate report to a network node of the communication system, wherein the panel switching rate report includes the determined antenna panel switching rate.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for communication in non-terrestrial networks are provided. Downlink transmission from a satellite node is received (300). Pathloss of uplink transmission to the satellite node is estimated (302). Based on the path loss, it is determined (304) whether uplink transmission of the apparatus can reach the satellite node and uplink transmission suspended (306) if determination indicates that the transmission will not reach the node.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive a plurality of channel state information (CSI) values reported by the user device; determine a plurality of estimated reference signal received power (RSRP) values that have been estimated based at least on the plurality of CSI values; and output a sequence of RSRP values, including at least the estimated RSRP values.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to techniques for adaptively controlling and optimizing radio configuration parameters by using a dual control algorithm. The dual control algorithm includes first and second control algorithms, each of which is executed independently whenever certain one or more trigger events occur. The first control algorithm is used for obtaining one or more User Equipment (UE) clusters and a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) requirement for each UE cluster based on UE information, while the second control algorithm is used for obtaining optimized radio configuration parameters for each UE cluster in accordance with the KPI requirement. The second control algorithm is also configured to monitor its performance and, if its performance degrades, send an associated signal to the first control algorithm. The occurrence of such a signal is among the trigger events that cause the execution of the first control algorithm.

Abstract: A technique comprising: receiving, at a data analytics function of a core network of a mobile communication system, travel path data from a traffic management entity, wherein the travel path data indicates a travel path for a vehicle comprising a user equipment registered to the mobile communication system; receiving, at the data analytics function, location data for the vehicle transmitted by the user equipment; and in response to detecting an inconsistency between the travel path data for the vehicle and the location data for the vehicle transmitted by the user equipment, outputting a travel path deviation report for the traffic management entity.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a client device comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least ne processor, cause the client device to: detect need for random access, random access, in a non-terrestrial network to a target cell of the non-terrestrial network; identify whether the needed random access is intra-satellite or inter-satellite; in response to the needed random access being intra-satellite, perform a first random access procedure, wherein, in the first random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in a single message; and in response to the needed random access being inter-satellite, perform a second random access procedure wherein, in the second random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in separate messages.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus, said apparatus comprising means for determining which of at least two lower layer radio units co-located at a first location, each lower layer radio unit associated with a higher layer radio unit, has a best path to the associated higher layer radio unit and causing the transmit power of the determined one of the at least two lower layer radio units received at a user equipment to be higher relative to the transmit power of any of the other of the at least two lower layer radio units received at the user equipment.

Abstract: An apparatus, computer program and method is described comprising: obtaining, at a receiver, during a first phase of operation, one or more first downlink positioning reference samples from each of a plurality of communication nodes of a mobile communication system, wherein the receiver operates in a wide-beam or omnidirectional mode during the first phase of operation; determining first response estimates of channels between the receiver and each of said each communication nodes, based on the positioning reference samples obtained for the respective communication node; selecting, for each communication node, a receiver beam for receiving positioning signals from the respective communication node, based, at least in part, on the respective first channel response estimate; and receiving, at the receiver, in a second phase of operation, one or more second downlink positioning reference samples from each of the plurality of communication nodes using the selected receiver beams.

Abstract: A method may include sending, by a user equipment, a random access preamble message to a network element. The method may also include receiving an uplink grant in a random access response message in response to the random access preamble message. The method may further include adding an implicit timing advance offset to an uplink time domain resource allocation of the uplink grant to establish synchronization of radio transmissions between the user equipment and the network element. The method may also include transmitting a scheduled transmission message including the implicit timing advance offset to the network element. Further, the implicit timing advance offset may be added to the uplink time domain resource before the scheduled transmission message is transmitted.

Abstract: An example method, apparatus, and computer-readable storage medium are provided for exploration procedures for network optimization. In one example implementation, the method may include generating, by a first network element, exploration data, the exploration data being generated by the first network element for evaluating performance at a second network element; transmitting, by the first network element, the exploration data to the second network element; and receiving, by the first network element, exploration data feedback from the second network element, the exploration data feedback received from the second network element based on processing of the exploration data by the second network element.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a client device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the client device to: receive a measurement configuration from a first network node device, receive a preconfigured condition for the measurement configuration from the first network node device, and in response to the preconfigured condition for the measurement configuration being fulfilled, use the measurement configuration. A client device, a network node device, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.