Abstract: Probes are electrically connected to a surface of a tunnel junction film stack comprising a free layer, a tunnel barrier, and a pinned layer. Resistances are determined for a variety of probe spacings and for a number of magnetizations of one of the layers of the stack. The probe spacings are a distance from a length scale, which is related to the Resistance-Area (RA) product of the tunnel junction film stack. Spacings from as small as possible to about 40 times the length scale are used. Beneficially, the smallest spacing between probes used during a resistance measurement is under 100 microns. A measured in-plane MagnetoResistance (MR) curve is determined from the “high” and “low” resistances that occur at the two magnetizations of this layer. The RA product, resistances per square of the free and pinned layers, and perpendicular MR are determined through curve fitting.

Abstract: Probes are electrically connected to a surface of a tunnel junction film stack comprising a free layer, a tunnel barrier, and a pinned layer. Resistances are determined for a variety of probe spacings and for a number of magnetizations of one of the layers of the stack. The probe spacings are a distance from a length scale, which is related to the Resistance-Area (RA) product of the tunnel junction film stack. Spacings from as small as possible to about 40 times the length scale are used. Beneficially, the smallest spacing between probes used during a resistance measurement is under 100 microns. A measured in-plane MagnetoResistance (MR) curve is determined from the “high” and “low” resistances that occur at the two magnetizations of this layer. The RA product, resistances per square of the free and pinned layers, and perpendicular MR are determined through curve fitting.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the invention a memory device is provided including a plurality of memory cells, each of which comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and an active material arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrodes being arranged parallel to each other and which are isolated against each other, and the memory cells being grouped into memory cell groups, each memory cell group defining a memory cell group area and being configured such that corresponding first electrodes are individually addressable via the first electrodes, and corresponding second electrodes are commonly addressable via a common select device arranged within the memory cell group area of the memory cell group.

Abstract: Alcohols prepared by reacting carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic esters with hydrogen in the presence of a special catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods for treating cancer that contain caspase inhibitors and/or antioxidant compositions. Formulations containing noncaspase inhibitor anti-cancer agents are also disclosed.

Abstract: Probes are electrically connected to a surface of a tunnel junction film stack comprising a free layer, a tunnel barrier, and a pinned layer. Resistances are determined for a variety of probe spacings and for a number of magnetizations of one of the layers of the stack. The probe spacings are a distance from a length scale, which is related to the Resistance-Area (RA) product of the tunnel junction film stack. Spacings from as small as possible to about 40 times the length scale are used. Beneficially, the smallest spacing between probes used during a resistance measurement is under 100 microns. A measured in-plane MagnetoResistance (MR) curve is determined from the “high” and “low” resistances that occur at the two magnetizations of this layer. The RA product, resistances per square of the free and pinned layers, and perpendicular MR are determined through curve fitting.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plate heat exchanger that consists of several pieces of sheet metal that are arranged parallel to one another, that are at least partially corrugated and that form a considerable number of heat-exchange passages. A header creates a flow connection among at least some of the heat-exchange passages. At least two parts (1, 2, 3) of the plate heat exchanger consist of metallic materials that cannot be welded to one another.

Abstract: A magnetic memory cell is disclosed. The memory cell includes first conductor and second conductors coupled to first and second electrodes of a magnetic element. A plurality of memory cells is interconnected by first and second conductors to form a memory array or block. The second conductor is coupled to the second electrode via a conductive strap having a fuse portion. The fuse portion can be blown to sever the connection between the second conductor and magnetic element, Nitride.

Abstract: Probes are electrically connected to a surface of a tunnel junction film stack comprising a free layer, a tunnel barrier, and a pinned layer. Resistances are determined for a variety of probe spacings and for a number of magnetizations of one of the layers of the stack. The probe spacings are a distance from a length scale, which is related to the Resistance-Area (RA) product of the tunnel junction film stack. Spacings from as small as possible to about 40 times the length scale are used. Beneficially, the smallest spacing between probes used during a resistance measurement is under 100 microns. A measured in-plane MagnetoResistance (MR) curve is determined from the “high” and “low” resistances that occur at the two magnetizations of this layer. The RA product, resistances per square of the free and pinned layers, and perpendicular MR are determined through curve fitting.

Abstract: In the process for preparing an aromatic carbonate from an aromatic hydroxy compound, CO and O2 in the presence of a quaternary salt and a base using a platinum metal catalyst and a cocatalyst, use is advantageously made of supported catalysts containing, in the reaction-ready state, (i) a platinum metal, a platinum metal halide or a platinum metal halide complex and (ii) a metal compound acting as cocatalyst from groups IB, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, the iron group (atomic numbers 26-28) or the rare earth metals (atomic numbers 58-71) of the Periodic Table of the Elements (Mendeleev), each in an amount of 0.01-15% by weight, calculated as metal and based on the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to catalysts containing ruthenium and at least one other metal having an atomic number in the range of from 23 to 82 prepared by (a) mixing a suspension of a ruthenium compound having a specific surface area in the range of from 50 to 300 m2/g with a solution of at least one metal compound in which at least one such metal compound contains a metal different from ruthenium and has an atomic number in the range of from 23 to 82, and (b) treating the mixture of the suspension and the solution with a reducing agent.

Abstract: Aromatic amines are produced by catalytic hydrogenation of corresponding aromatic nitro compounds in the gas phase, by carrying out the hydrogenation in the presence of catalysts which, besides palladium, vanadium and lead, contain in addition molybdenum, tungsten and/or rhenium on a ceramic support having a BET surface area of less than 40 m.sup.3 /g, at temperatures of from 180.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. in a catalyst bed and in a molar ratio of hydrogen to the nitro group or nitro groups of 3:1 to 30:1.

Abstract: Diphenylamine can be dehydrocyclized on noble metal catalysts in the liquid phase at temperatures of 200.degree. to 340.degree. C. The reaction proceeds with a surprisingly high selectivity.

Abstract: Novel ruthenium catalysts additionally contain carbonates, hydroxides and/or hydrated oxides of cerium and manganese or of manganese and/or dehydration products thereof. They can optionally be present on a support material and can be prepared by converting soluble compounds of ruthenium, cerium and manganese by treatment with alkaline compounds into insoluble compounds and optionally further treating these. Such catalysts are particularly suitable for the preparation of cycloaliphatic polyamines by hydrogenation of corresponding aromatic amines.

Abstract: Succinic anhydride (SA) can be prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) with hydrogen in the liquid phase, by reacting a starting material composed of from 5 to 100% by weight of MA and from 95 to 0% by weight of SA, based on the total weight of MA and SA, at from 120.degree. to 150.degree. C. and a H.sub.2 pressure of from 10 to 150 bar over a Raney skeleton catalyst or a platinum group metal catalyst.

Abstract: New hydrated niobium oxide and hydrated tantalum oxide catalysts containing pores having diameters in the range from 0.4 to 10,000 nm are characterized in that the volume of the pores of the catalyst having a diameter of from 100 to 1000 nm is at least 30% of the total pore volume of the catalyst. The catalysts can be prepared by mixing hydrated niobium oxide or hydrated tantalum oxide with an inert solid and converting this mixture into a solid pellet form, with the pressure in the apparatus for preparing catalysts in pellet form being set in such a way that the volume of the pores of the catalyst having a diameter of from 100 to 1000 nm is at least 30% of the total pore volume of the catalyst. Such catalysts are particularly suitable for preparing N-alkylanilines from anilines and alkanols.

Abstract: Dimethyl carbonate is obtained with a high selectivity and great constancy over time by reacting carbon monoxide with methyl nitrite in a continuous gas phase reaction in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by the application to a suitable support of one or more palladium compounds of the formula[Pd(N(R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3)).sub.n ]X.sup.1.sub.2 (I) ,wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, X.sup.1 and n are as defined in the disclosure, optionally in combination with one or more promoters from the group consisting of the elements Fe, Co, Ni, V, Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti, Cu and Cr, the rare earths and/or compounds thereof, and/or with one or more promoters from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal halides.

Abstract: Dialkyl carbonates can be prepared by reaction of carbon monoxide with alkyl nitrites in a continuous gas-phase reaction using a platinum metal catalyst on a metal phosphate support and adding hydrogen halide stepwise or continuously during the course of the reaction in almost quantitative selectivity; the corresponding dialkyl oxalates are formed in such small amounts that in most cases they cannot be detected.