Abstract: The disclosure relates to an ultrathin micro-spectrometer and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, relates to an ultrathin micro-spectrometer including: a lens portion including: a convex lens; and a back-reflection grating layer which is formed on a rear surface of the convex lens and on the same surface of which a reflective diffraction grating and a first planar reflector are arranged; a substrate layer which is disposed to be spaced apart from the lens portion and on which a light incidence microslit is formed; a second planar reflector which is formed on the substrate layer; and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor on which light reflected by the lens portion is focused, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A spray nozzle device according to an embodiment includes a first nozzle having a first spray hole for spraying plasma, a second nozzle spaced apart from the first nozzle and having at least one second spray hole through which the plasma sprayed from the first nozzle passes, a coupling member spaced apart from the second nozzle and coupled to the first nozzle, and at least one connecting member connecting the second nozzle with the coupling member. The second nozzle includes at least one inflow channel for the injection of a deposition material into the second spray hole.

Abstract: A dipper for a work machine is disclosed. The dipper may have a front cavity wall forming an inlet which defines a vertical inlet plane, a rear cavity wall opposite the front cavity wall forming an outlet which defines an outlet plane, a top cavity wall extending between front and rear cavity walls defining a horizontal top plane, a bottom cavity wall opposite the top cavity wall defining a bottom plane, and two side cavity walls. The two side cavity walls may further extend between the front and rear cavity wall. The outlet plane may be angled relative to the inlet plane, the bottom plane may be angled relative to the top plane, and the outlet plane is perpendicular to the bottom plane.

Abstract: A method can be used for controlling torque of a diesel hybrid vehicle. The method includes calculating energy consumptions of an engine for respective engine torques within an engine torque range and calculating energy consumptions of a battery for respective motor torques within a motor torque range. A plurality of total energy consumptions can be calculated based on the energy consumptions of the engine and the energy consumptions of the battery. The torque of the diesel hybrid vehicle can be controlled based on an engine torque and a motor torque that are relevant to the minimum of the plurality of total energy consumptions. The energy consumptions of the engine are calculated based on a lower heating value of fuel, fuel consumption rates, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.

Abstract: A method can be used for controlling torque of a diesel hybrid vehicle. The method includes calculating energy consumptions of an engine for respective engine torques within an engine torque range and calculating energy consumptions of a battery for respective motor torques within a motor torque range. A plurality of total energy consumptions can be calculated based on the energy consumptions of the engine and the energy consumptions of the battery. The torque of the diesel hybrid vehicle can be controlled based on an engine torque and a motor torque that are relevant to the minimum of the plurality of total energy consumptions. The energy consumptions of the engine are calculated based on a lower heating value of fuel, fuel consumption rates, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.

Abstract: Disclosed are a polyurethane composition, a molded article, and a vehicle comprising the polyurethane composition or the molded article. The polyurethane composition comprises a polyol composition (A) in which polyether polyol (a1) and polymer polyol (a2) are mixed at a predetermined amount, an isocyanate composition (B) obtainable by polymerizing polyether polyol (b2) and an isocyanate composition (b1) that comprises i) methylene diphenyl isocyanate (M-MDI) and ii) polymethylene diphenyl isocyanate (P-MDI). As such, the molded article such as a vehicle seat pad can be manufactured with improved static and dynamic comfort.

Abstract: Disclosed are a polyurethane composition, a molded article, and a vehicle comprising the polyurethane composition or the molded article. The polyurethane composition comprises a polyol composition (A) in which polyether polyol (a1) and polymer polyol (a2) are mixed at a predetermined amount, an isocyanate composition (B) obtainable by polymerizing polyether polyol (b2) and an isocyanate composition (b1) that comprises i) methylene diphenyl isocyanate (M-MDI) and ii) polymethylene diphenyl isocyanate (P-MDI). As such, the molded article such as a vehicle seat pad can be manufactured with improved static and dynamic comfort.

Abstract: A plasma generating device is disclosed. A plasma generating device according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a plasma generating module for generating plasma; and at least one plasma nozzle for externally discharging the plasma generated by the plasma generating module, wherein a rotating body is provided separately from the plasma generating module and is rotatably disposed on the outside of the plasma generating module.

Abstract: A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus may include a chamber accommodating a substrate to be processed, a first electrode providing electric field in the chamber and a second electrode opposing to the first electrode, and a first power transmitting rod connected to one of the first electrode and the second electrode. A conductive stress attenuating unit may be formed in the first power transmitting rod. Methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices using the semiconductor manufacturing apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A plasma generating device is disclosed. A plasma generating device according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a plasma generating module for generating plasma; and at least one plasma nozzle for externally discharging the plasma generated by the plasma generating module, wherein a rotating body is provided separately from the plasma generating module and is rotatably disposed on the outside of the plasma generating module.

Abstract: A regenerative braking apparatus of a hybrid vehicle may include an engine generating power by combustion of fuel, an HSG starting the engine and generating electrical energy by operating as a generator when the engine is in an on state, a motor assisting the power of the engine, being operated as a generator and generating electrical energy in braking, and a controller controlling such that a hybrid vehicle is braked by regenerative braking according to an operation of the HSG when deceleration energy in braking is higher than a generating capacity of the motor.

Abstract: A regenerative braking apparatus of a hybrid vehicle may include an engine generating power by combustion of fuel, an HSG starting the engine and generating electrical energy by operating as a generator when the engine is in an on state, a motor assisting the power of the engine, being operated as a generator and generating electrical energy in braking, and a controller controlling such that a hybrid vehicle is braked by regenerative braking according to an operation of the HSG when deceleration energy in braking is higher than a generating capacity of the motor.

Abstract: A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus may include a chamber accommodating a substrate to be processed, a first electrode providing electric field in the chamber and a second electrode opposing to the first electrode, and a first power transmitting rod connected to one of the first electrode and the second electrode. A conductive stress attenuating unit may be formed in the first power transmitting rod. Methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices using the semiconductor manufacturing apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A rocket propulsion device including, a case having a propellant therein, the case in the form of a tube, a nozzle having at least part inserted in the case, and configured to discharge gas upon burning the propellant, and a locking unit disposed to be wound on the nozzle, the locking unit in the form of a band having both ends open, wherein a through hole for inserting the locking unit therein is formed at one region on a circumference of the case, and the both ends of the locking unit are located at a region facing the one region, whereby a rocket propulsion device having a simplified structure and a facilitated alignment of a thrust line can be implemented.

Abstract: A system for purifying an exhaust gas may include a lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst adapted to absorb nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas at a lean atmosphere, release the absorbed nitrogen oxides at a rich atmosphere, and reduce or slip the released nitrogen oxides according to a temperature thereof; a particulate filter adapted to trap particulate matters contained in the exhaust gas and regenerate the trapped particulate matters by using the nitrogen oxides slipped from the LNT catalyst; and a controller adapted to selectively create the rich atmosphere when the temperature of the LNT catalyst is higher than or equal to a first predetermined temperature or a temperature of the particulate filter is higher than or equal to a second predetermined temperature. A method for controlling the system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A desulfurization method of a nitrogen oxide absorption catalyst when diesel is used may include determining how many times a regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is completed, ending a DPF regeneration, if the number of times of the DPF regeneration reaches a predetermined value and entering into a desulfurization mode to desulfurize the DPF, ending the desulfurization mode after the desulfurization mode is performed for a predetermined time, and calculating a particulate matters (PM) amount that is trapped in the DPF after the desulfurization, compensating the trapped PM amount, and determining a time of the DPF regeneration. A desulfurization timing is determined based on the number of times that the DPF is regenerated to be able to simplify the desulfurization logic and also reduce the memory of ECU, when the LNT catalyst is poisoned by a small amount of sulfur included in exhaust gas.

Abstract: A desulfurization method of a nitrogen oxide absorption catalyst when diesel is used may include determining how many times a regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is completed, ending a DPF regeneration, if the number of times of the DPF regeneration reaches a predetermined value and entering into a desulfurization mode to desulfurize the DPF, ending the desulfurization mode after the desulfurization mode is performed for a predetermined time, and calculating a particulate matters (PM) amount that is trapped in the DPF after the desulfurization, compensating the trapped PM amount, and determining a time of the DPF regeneration. A desulfurization timing is determined based on the number of times that the DPF is regenerated to be able to simplify the desulfurization logic and also reduce the memory of ECU, when the LNT catalyst is poisoned by a small amount of sulfur included in exhaust gas.

Abstract: A system for purifying an exhaust gas may include a lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst adapted to absorb nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas at a lean atmosphere, release the absorbed nitrogen oxides at a rich atmosphere, and reduce or slip the released nitrogen oxides according to a temperature thereof; a particulate filter adapted to trap particulate matters contained in the exhaust gas and regenerate the trapped particulate matters by using the nitrogen oxides slipped from the LNT catalyst; and a controller adapted to selectively create the rich atmosphere when the temperature of the LNT catalyst is higher than or equal to a first predetermined temperature or a temperature of the particulate filter is higher than or equal to a second predetermined temperature. A method for controlling the system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A rocket propulsion device including, a case having a propellant therein, the case in the form of a tube, a nozzle having at least part inserted in the case, and configured to discharge gas upon burning the propellant, and a locking unit disposed to be wound on the nozzle, the locking unit in the form of a band having both ends open, wherein a through hole for inserting the locking unit therein is formed at one region on a circumference of the case, and the both ends of the locking unit are located at a region facing the one region, whereby a rocket propulsion device having a simplified structure and a facilitated alignment of a thrust line can be implemented.