Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of a cycloadduct product from the reaction of a furanic with a dienophile, comprising heating a first liquid feed stream comprising the dienophile and a solvent in which the dienophile is dissolved; providing a second liquid feed stream comprising the furanic; leading the first liquid feed stream and the second liquid feed stream into a continuous reactor to produce a product solution stream comprising the cycloadduct product; and leading the product solution stream to an product isolation zone to produce an isolated cycloadduct product. A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for carrying out this reaction.

Abstract: A process includes the following steps: a) converting a solid material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, by: (i) hydrolyzing at least part of the hemicellulose of the solid material with a first aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a remaining solid material and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, first hydrolysate product solution; (ii) hydrolyzing at least part of the cellulose of the remaining solid material with a second aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a residue and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, second hydrolysate product solution; (b) forwarding to step (c) a, hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution comprising: a part of or the whole of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous first and/or second hydrolysate product solution of step (a); and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution to yield a product solution containing 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, and extracting the 5-

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of ethylene glycol including the steps of: (i) reacting, in a reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C., at least a portion of a carbohydrate source in the presence of hydrogen, a solvent, a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten, and a heterogeneous catalyst, which heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, yielding ethylene glycol and a spent heterogeneous catalyst; (ii) regenerating the spent heterogeneous catalyst by removing at least a portion of deposited tungsten species from the spent heterogeneous catalyst, yielding a regenerated heterogeneous catalyst; and (iii) using at least a portion of the regenerated heterogeneous catalyst as heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of step (i).

Abstract: A process for the conversion of solid lignocellulosic material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, includes (a) hydrolyzing, at a temperature equal to or less than 40° C. at least part of the hemicellulose and at least part of the cellulose of the solid lignocellulosic material with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, containing in the range from equal to or more than 40.0 wt. % to equal to or less than 51.0 wt. % hydrochloric acid, based on the combined weight amount of water and hydrochloric acid in the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution; yielding a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution; (b) separating the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution from the lignin; and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution to a temperature equal to or more than 60° C.

Abstract: A continuous or semi-continuous process for the preparation of ethylene glycol from a carbohydrate source including: reacting, in a reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C., at least a portion of a carbohydrate source in the presence of hydrogen, a solvent, and a catalyst system, to yield ethylene glycol; wherein the catalyst system includes: a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten; and a heterogeneous catalyst, which heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements supported on a carrier; and wherein continuously or periodically additional heterogeneous catalyst is added to the reactor. Further described is a catalyst system that can be used in such a process.

Abstract: A process for treating a dicarboxylic acid composition, with the proviso that the dicarboxylic acid is not furan 2,5-dicarboxylic acid, which process comprises: —introducing a dicarboxylic acid composition, which dicarboxylic acid composition contains an impurity compound and which impurity compound is an organic compound comprising a carbonyl group, into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell; and electrochemically reducing the impurity compound in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene glycol including the steps of: (i) providing, to a first reactor, a carbohydrate source, a solvent, hydrogen, a first heterogeneous catalyst, which first heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten; (ii) reacting, in the first reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene glycol including the steps of: (i) providing, to a first reactor, a carbohydrate source, a solvent, hydrogen, a first heterogeneous catalyst, which first heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten; (ii) reacting, in the first reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C.

Abstract: A process includes the following steps: a) converting a solid material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, by: (i) hydrolyzing at least part of the hemicellulose of the solid material with a first aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a remaining solid material and a hydrochloric acid- containing, aqueous, first hydrolysate product solution; (ii) hydrolyzing at least part of the cellulose of the remaining solid material with a second aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a residue and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, second hydrolysate product solution; (b) forwarding to step (c) a, hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution comprising: a part of or the whole of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous first and/or second hydrolysate product solution of step (a); and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution to yield a product solution containing 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, and extracting the 5

Abstract: A process for the conversion of solid lignocellulosic material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, includes (a) hydrolyzing, at a temperature equal to or less than 40° C. at least part of the hemicellulose and at least part of the cellulose of the solid lignocellulosic material with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, containing in the range from equal to or more than 40.0 wt. % to equal to or less than 51.0 wt. % hydrochloric acid, based on the combined weight amount of water and hydrochloric acid in the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution; yielding a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution; (b) separating the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution from the lignin; and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution to a temperature equal to or more than 60° C.

Abstract: A continuous or semi-continuous process for the preparation of ethylene glycol from a carbohydrate source including: reacting, in a reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C., at least a portion of a carbohydrate source in the presence of hydrogen, a solvent, and a catalyst system, to yield ethylene glycol; wherein the catalyst system includes: a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten; and a heterogeneous catalyst, which heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements supported on a carrier; and wherein continuously or periodically additional heterogeneous catalyst is added to the reactor. Further described is a catalyst system that can be used in such a process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of ethylene glycol including the steps of: (i) reacting, in a reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C., at least a portion of a carbohydrate source in the presence of hydrogen, a solvent, a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten, and a heterogeneous catalyst, which heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, yielding ethylene glycol and a spent heterogeneous catalyst; (ii) regenerating the spent heterogeneous catalyst by removing at least a portion of deposited tungsten species from the spent heterogeneous catalyst, yielding a regenerated heterogeneous catalyst; and (iii) using at least a portion of the regenerated heterogeneous catalyst as heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of step (i).

Abstract: A fuel composition comprises humins and at least one organic oxygenated solvent which has an apparent viscosity of at most 1.5 Pa·s at 100° C. at a shear rate of 30 s?1. Humins are produced by the dehydration of carbohydrates. The organic oxygenated solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, which may be aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic, and mixtures thereof. The fuel compositions can be used as marine fuel.

Abstract: An aromatic dicarboxylic acid of chemical formula HOOC—Ar1—COOH is prepared in a process wherein a feedstock comprising at least an aromatic aldehyde compound of chemical formula (1): OHC—Ar1—COOH, wherein Ar1 represents an arylene or heteroarylene moiety, and an aqueous electrolyte are provided; the feedstock and the aqueous electrolyte are introduced into an electrolytic cell comprising electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises a non-noble metal and/or an oxide and/or a hydroxide thereof and/or carbon; and the aromatic aldehyde compound of formula (1) is oxidized electrochemically to yield the aromatic dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A foam includes a cellular structure and having a density of at most 0.50 g/cm3, where the cellular structure is provided by a solid material that includes humins. Such a foam is prepared in a process, which includes: providing a starting material containing humins; and heating the starting material to a temperature in the range of 150 to 450° C. The foam can be used in articles for a variety of applications such as substrate for plant growth, as adsorbent for treating waste water or waste gases, as support for solid catalysts, as insulation material, or packaging material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of a cycloadduct product from the reaction of a furanic with a dienophile, comprising heating a first liquid feed stream comprising the dienophile and a solvent in which the dienophile is dissolved; providing a second liquid feed stream comprising the furanic; leading the first liquid feed stream and the second liquid feed stream into a continuous reactor to produce a product solution stream comprising the cycloadduct product; and leading the product solution stream to an product isolation zone to produce an isolated cycloadduct product. A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for carrying out this reaction.

Abstract: A hydrogenated Diels-Alder adduct of the formula (III) a hydrogenated Diels-Alder adduct of the formula (IV) and a lactone compound of formula (V) are disclosed and described.

Abstract: A process for treating a dicarboxylic acid composition, with the proviso that the dicarboxylic acid is not furan 2,5-dicarboxylic acid, which process comprises: —introducing a dicarboxylic acid composition, which dicarboxylic acid composition contains an impurity compound and which impurity compound is an organic compound comprising a carbonyl group, into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell; and electrochemically reducing the impurity compound in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A process for treating a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid composition, which process comprises: introducing a furan-2,5-di-carboxylic acid composition, which furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid composition contains an impurity compound and which impurity compound is 5-formyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid, into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell; and electrochemically reducing the impurity compound in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid-containing composition, which composition contains an aldehyde, is purified in a process, which process comprises introducing the carboxylic acid-containing composition and an aqueous electrolyte into an electrolytic cell comprising electrodes; electrochemically oxidizing the aldehyde in the electrolytic cell to obtain an electrochemically oxidized product composition comprising a carboxylic acid derived from the aldehyde; and, optionally, separating carboxylic acid from the electrochemically oxidized product composition.