Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal, which the terminal generates as it concurrently makes barometric pressure measurements. Each GNSS-based estimate of elevation is often generated from noisy measurements and has an associated uncertainty. The location engine accounts for the uncertainty in the GNSS estimates of elevation by applying an optimal estimation technique, such as Kalman filtering, on the biased pressure measurements and the GNSS-based estimates.

Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on relatively coarse estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal. Each coarse estimate of elevation is often generated from noisy measurements, such as measurements of signals transmitted by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, and has an associated uncertainty. The location engine accounts for the uncertainty in these estimates of elevation by applying an optimal estimation technique, such as Kalman filtering, and by compensating for environment-related effects. Compensating Includes filtering across a plurality of lateral locations and imposing a lower bound of bias uncertainty at the lateral locations.

Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on relatively coarse estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal. The coarse estimates are used to generate instantaneous estimates of measurement bias and bias uncertainty. As needed, the location engine adjusts the instantaneous estimate of bias uncertainty, in order to reflect an instantaneous estimate of measurement bias that is recognized as being in error. The adjustment is based on what is expected as a probable measurement bias value for the particular wireless terminal. Once the location engine generates the enhanced estimate of measurement bias, it can generate improved estimates of elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on relatively coarse estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal. Each coarse estimate of elevation is often generated from noisy measurements, such as measurements of signals transmitted by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, and has an associated uncertainty. The location engine accounts for the uncertainty in these estimates of elevation by applying an optimal estimation technique, such as Kalman filtering, and by compensating for environment-related effects. Compensating includes filtering across a plurality of lateral locations and imposing a lower bound of bias uncertainty at the lateral locations.

Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on relatively coarse estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal. The coarse estimates are used to generate instantaneous estimates of measurement bias and bias uncertainty. As needed, the location engine adjusts the instantaneous estimate of bias uncertainty, in order to reflect an instantaneous estimate of measurement bias that is recognized as being in error. The adjustment is based on what is expected as a probable measurement bias value for the particular wireless terminal. Once the location engine generates the enhanced estimate of measurement bias, it can generate improved estimates of elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method for estimating the pressure measurement bias of a barometric sensor in a wireless terminal. A location engine using the method generates an enhanced estimate of the measurement bias. The location engine generates the enhanced estimate based in part on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based estimates of the elevation of the wireless terminal, which the terminal generates as it concurrently makes barometric pressure measurements. Each GNSS-based estimate of elevation is often generated from noisy measurements and has an associated uncertainty. The location engine accounts for the uncertainty in the GNSS estimates of elevation by applying an optimal estimation technique, such as Kalman filtering, on the biased pressure measurements and the GNSS-based estimates.

Abstract: A method for providing an enhanced estimate of reference barometric pressure. The method uses multiple, dissimilar pressure references, such as in airport weather stations, personal weather stations, and wireless terminals such as smartphones, in order to provide the enhanced estimate of reference barometric pressure. The method generates an enhanced estimate of reference barometric pressure based on a first estimate of reference barometric pressure from a first pressure reference network made up of airport weather stations, for example. The method also uses a second estimate of reference barometric pressure from a second pressure reference network made of up personal weather stations, for example, and a third estimate of reference barometric pressure, also from the second network. The first, second, and third estimates of reference barometric pressure are combined such that both measurement accuracy and timeliness are improved in the resulting, enhanced estimate.

Abstract: A location engine that generates an estimate of the measurement bias of the pressure sensor in a wireless terminal. The estimate is determined from a probability distribution characterized as having a flat top with exponentially decaying sides. The probability distribution is generated by inferring i) a range of elevations within which the wireless terminal is most likely present, wherein the elevations have associated barometric pressures, and ii) a corresponding range of measurement biases based on an inferred range of the barometric pressures. The location engine updates the probability distribution over time. The location engine makes a single estimate of measurement bias available by determining a mean of the updated probability distribution, such as an average of the low and high endpoints that define the flat top. Subsequently, the location engine generates an estimate of the elevation of the wireless terminal by accounting for the estimate of measurement bias.

Abstract: A location engine that estimates the barometric pressure measurement bias of a wireless terminal, resulting in an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal. The location engine generates an estimate of measurement bias by comparing the barometric pressure measured by the wireless terminal while at that elevation and the barometric pressure that corresponds to an estimated elevation of the wireless terminal when it made the pressure measurement (i.e., the expected pressure). The estimated elevation is based on an inferred above-ground height and the local terrain elevation, and the expected pressure is based on the measurement of barometric pressure at the pressure reference and the estimated elevation. The location engine infers the height based on various techniques disclosed herein. The location engine can use the measurement bias to adjust subsequent pressure measurements reported by the wireless terminal, in order to generate an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A location engine that generates an estimate of the measurement bias of the pressure sensor in a wireless terminal. The estimate is determined from a probability distribution characterized as having a flat top with exponentially decaying sides. The probability distribution is generated by inferring i) a range of elevations within which the wireless terminal is most likely present, wherein the elevations have associated barometric pressures, and ii) a corresponding range of measurement biases based on an inferred range of the barometric pressures. The location engine updates the probability distribution over time. The location engine makes a single estimate of measurement bias available by determining a mean of the updated probability distribution, such as an average of the low and high endpoints that define the flat top. Subsequently, the location engine generates an estimate of the elevation of the wireless terminal by accounting for the estimate of measurement bias.

Abstract: A technique for the estimation of the location of a wireless terminal. The disclosed technique considers boundaries that are represented in a geographic information system (GIS) database in combination with a first, unenhanced estimate of location, in order to generate a second, enhanced estimate of location. To do so, the technique generates a point cloud based on the first estimate of location. At least some of the data points in the point cloud are then removed, depending on their positions in relation to certain boundaries stored in the GIS database, such as the exterior walls of buildings and other structures. By considering these boundaries, the disclosed technique can increase the probability that the estimated location is within an area that is occupiable by a person, thereby providing a more reasonable result. The technique generates the second, enhanced estimate based on the distribution of the remaining data points.

Abstract: A technique for developing a stack-effect compensation model that is representative of a structure, such as a particular building, and of generating an estimate of the elevation of a wireless terminal inside the structure by using the model. The technique includes estimating information related to one or more neutral pressure planes within the structure, at which the difference between the indoor barometric pressure and the outdoor barometric pressure is essentially zero. The technique leverages pressure and temperature measurements that are provided by one or more wireless terminals that are regularly present in the building. The stack-effect compensation model includes a parameter that represents, for each of a plurality of uncompensated elevations, the height of the particular uncompensated elevation above a neutral pressure plane. The location engine uses this height-information parameter from the compensation model, in order to develop the estimate of the elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A technique for the estimation of the location of a wireless terminal. The disclosed technique considers boundaries that are represented in a geographic information system (GIS) database in combination with a first, unenhanced estimate of location, in order to generate a second, enhanced estimate of location. To do so, the technique generates a point cloud based on the first estimate of location. At least some of the data points in the point cloud are then removed, depending on their positions in relation to certain boundaries stored in the GIS database, such as the exterior walls of buildings and other structures. By considering these boundaries, the disclosed technique can increase the probability that the estimated location is within an area that is occupiable by a person, thereby providing a more reasonable result. The technique generates the second, enhanced estimate based on the distribution of the remaining data points.

Abstract: A technique for developing a stack-effect compensation model that is representative of a structure, such as a particular building, and of generating an estimate of the elevation of a wireless terminal inside the structure by using the model. The technique includes estimating information related to one or more neutral pressure planes within the structure, at which the difference between the indoor barometric pressure and the outdoor barometric pressure is essentially zero. The technique leverages pressure and temperature measurements that are provided by one or more wireless terminals that are regularly present in the building. The stack-effect compensation model includes a parameter that represents, for each of a plurality of uncompensated elevations, the height of the particular uncompensated elevation above a neutral pressure plane. The location engine uses this height-information parameter from the compensation model, in order to develop the estimate of the elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A location engine that estimates the barometric pressure measurement bias of a pressure station reference, such as an airport pressure station, resulting in an improved estimate of the elevation of a wireless terminal. The location engine generates the estimate of bias of barometric pressure by comparing i) the outdoor barometric pressure measured by the airport pressure station at its unknown height above mean sea level (MSL) and ii) the expected outdoor barometric pressure derived from the pressure measurements from an already-calibrated pressure station, while accounting for the known height of the already-calibrated pressure station. The expected outdoor measurements correspond to a derived height above MSL of the airport pressure station. Subsequently, the location engine generates an estimate of the elevation of the wireless terminal by accounting for the estimate of measurement bias of the airport pressure station.

Abstract: A technique for the estimation of the location of a wireless terminal. The disclosed technique considers boundaries that are represented in a geographic information system (GIS) database in combination with a first, unenhanced estimate of location, in order to generate a second, enhanced estimate of location. To do so, the technique generates a point cloud based on the first estimate of location. At least some of the data points in the point cloud are then removed, depending on their positions in relation to certain boundaries stored in the GIS database, such as the exterior walls of buildings and other structures. By considering these boundaries, the disclosed technique can increase the probability that the estimated location is within an area that is occupiable by a person, thereby providing a more reasonable result. The technique generates the second, enhanced estimate based on the distribution of the remaining data points.

Abstract: A location engine that estimates the barometric pressure measurement bias of a wireless terminal, resulting in an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal. The location engine generates an estimate of measurement bias by comparing the barometric pressure measured by the wireless terminal while at that elevation and the barometric pressure that corresponds to an estimated elevation of the wireless terminal when it made the pressure measurement (i.e., the expected pressure). The estimated elevation is based on an inferred above-ground height and the local terrain elevation, and the expected pressure is based on the measurement of barometric pressure at the pressure reference and the estimated elevation. The location engine infers the height based on various techniques disclosed herein. The location engine can use the measurement bias to adjust subsequent pressure measurements reported by the wireless terminal, in order to generate an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: An improved technique for the estimation of the location of a wireless terminal. A disclosed location engine is capable of utilizing a service set identifier (SSID) or a media access control (MAC) address, or both, received from a reporting wireless terminal, in order to improve the estimate of the wireless terminal's location. The location engine generates a first hypothesis for the location of the wireless terminal based on evidence of the location of the wireless terminal, such signal strength measurements, wherein the evidence is independent of the SSID and MAC addresses. The location engine also generates a second hypothesis for the location based on the SSID or a third hypothesis for the location based on the MAC address, or both. An estimate of location of the wireless terminal is based on a combination of the first, second, and third hypotheses. The estimate can then be used in a location-based application.

Abstract: A location engine that estimates the barometric pressure measurement bias of a wireless terminal, resulting in an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal. The location engine generates an estimate of measurement bias by comparing the barometric pressure measured by the wireless terminal while at that elevation and the barometric pressure that corresponds to an estimated elevation of the wireless terminal when it made the pressure measurement (i.e., the expected pressure). The estimated elevation is based on an inferred above-ground height and the local terrain elevation, and the expected pressure is based on the measurement of barometric pressure at the pressure reference and the estimated elevation. The location engine infers the height based on various techniques disclosed herein. The location engine can use the measurement bias to adjust subsequent pressure measurements reported by the wireless terminal, in order to generate an improved estimate of elevation of the wireless terminal.

Abstract: An improved technique for the estimation of the location of a wireless terminal. A disclosed location engine is capable of utilizing a service set identifier (SSID) or a media access control (MAC) address, or both, received from a reporting wireless terminal, in order to improve the estimate of the wireless terminal's location. The location engine generates a first hypothesis for the location of the wireless terminal based on evidence of the location of the wireless terminal, such signal strength measurements, wherein the evidence is independent of the SSID and MAC addresses. The location engine also generates a second hypothesis for the location based on the SSID or a third hypothesis for the location based on the MAC address, or both. An estimate of location of the wireless terminal is based on a combination of the first, second, and third hypotheses. The estimate can then be used in a location-based application.