Abstract: A refresh control circuit of a semiconductor apparatus includes: a first bank refresh counter configured to increase or decrease a logic value of a first refresh address signal when a first bank address signal is enabled during a refresh operation, a second bank refresh counter configured to increase or decrease a logic value of a second refresh address signal when a second bank address signal is enabled during the refresh operation, a bank selection unit configured to generate first and second bank select signals in response to the first and second bank address signals during the refresh operation, and a row selection unit configured to generate first and second row select signals in response to the first and second refresh address signals and the first and second bank select signals.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a controller configured to provide a hidden auto refresh command; and a memory configured to perform a refresh operation in response to the hidden auto refresh command. The controller and the memory communicate with each other so that each refresh address of the controller and the memory has the same value as each other.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positive photosensitive resin composition that includes: (A) a polybenzoxazole precursor including a repeating unit represented by the Chemical Formula 1, a repeating unit represented by the Chemical Formula 2, or a combination thereof, and a thermally polymerizable functional group at least one terminal end of the polybenzoxazole precursor; (B) a photosensitive diazoquinone compound; (C) a silane compound; (D) a phenol compound including a cross-linking functional group; and (E) a solvent.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor memory apparatus that may use an efficient protocol between an NAND flash memory device and a controller to reduce bus traffic. The flash memory device may include a memory cell array and an error correction encoder. The memory cell array may include a plurality of pages. The error correction encoder may generate first parity data based on normal data to be written to the memory cell array, compare the first parity data and second parity data encoded with the normal data stored in the memory cell array, and check an error. The error position detector may detect an error position in response to the error signal transmitted from the error correction encoder. Thus, since the semiconductor memory apparatus may transmit and receives parity data or a syndrome between an NAND flash memory device and the controller by detecting and correcting an error in the same memory chip, bus traffic may be reduced.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin film solar cell includes steps of preparing a substrate on which unit cells are defined, forming transparent conducive layers on the substrate and corresponding to the unit cells, respectively, the transparent conductive layers spaced apart from each other with a first separation line therebetween, forming light-absorbing layers on the transparent conductive layers and corresponding to the unit cells, respectively, the light-absorbing layers spaced apart from each other with a second separation line therebetween, forming a third separation line in each of the light-absorbing layers, the third separation line spaced apart from the second separation line, forming a reflection material layer by disposing a silk screen over the third separation line and applying a conductive paste, and forming reflection electrodes corresponding to the unit cells, respectively, by sintering the reflection material layer.

Abstract: A conductive polymer, a conductive polymer composition, a conductive polymer layer, and an organic photoelectric device including the conductive polymer layer, the conductive polymer being doped with a polyacid copolymer, the polyacid copolymer being represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:

Abstract: A solid state drive may include one or more memory cell arrays divided into a plurality of blocks. A first portion of the blocks may be designated for storing user data and a second portion of the blocks may be designated as reserved blocks for replacing defective blocks in the first portion. In one embodiment, the method includes reformatting, by a memory controller, the solid state drive to convert one or more blocks in the first portion into reserved blocks.

Abstract: A system for verifying a software platform of a vehicle including at least one electronic control unit receives a first final confirmation value corresponding to a hash value of software measured in the electronic control unit from an integrated security apparatus inside the vehicle and extends a hash value of normally operated software received from a software manufacturer of the electronic control unit to generate a second final confirmation value. Next, the system verifies the software platform of the vehicle based on results obtained by comparing the first final confirmation value with the second final confirmation value.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a data normalization unit, a neural network problem prediction unit, and a transition change prediction unit. The data normalization unit creates normalization transformation values by performing normalization transformation based on threshold value ranges for a plurality of pieces of vehicle network data. The neural network problem prediction unit creates a neural network problem prediction value by predicting a mixed problem with the vehicle using a multi-artificial neural network model, created based on a learning data set related to mixed problems having previously occurred in the vehicle and the normalization transformation values. The transition change prediction unit predicts a change in transition for the mixed problem according to a change in the neural network problem prediction value, by analyzing the neural network problem prediction value and previous neural network problem prediction values previously created in the vehicle.

Abstract: Embodiments according to the application relates to an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) receiving circuit and methods thereof configured to have a plurality of demodulation paths for an oversampling ADC, which can increase or improve an overall performance of the circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for measuring an in phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance. One embodiment according to the present general inventive concept can provide a method for measuring a Tx IQ imbalance generated in an IQ up-conversion mixer and an Rx IQ imbalance generated in an IQ down-conversion mixer, that includes measuring a first IQ imbalance corresponding to a first combination of the Rx IQ imbalance with the Tx IQ imbalance, measuring a second IQ imbalance corresponding to a second combination of the Rx IQ imbalance with the Tx IQ imbalance and obtaining the Tx IQ imbalance and the Rx IQ imbalance from the first IQ imbalance and the second IQ imbalance.

Abstract: A method in which a system environment management device manages user environment information, the method includes: connecting to a first user terminal; searching for and reading personal information and environment setting information of the first user terminal; analyzing the personal information and environment setting information; determining whether the analyzed personal information and environment setting information is a common element; and storing, if the analyzed personal information and environment setting information is a common element, the analyzed personal information and environment setting information in a common profile storage unit of the system environment management device.

Abstract: Disclosed are a novel phenol compound comprising a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2, or a combination thereof, and a positive photosensitive resin composition including the same.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positive photosensitive resin composition that includes (A) a polybenzoxazole precursor including a repeating unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 1; (B) a photosensitive diazoquinone compound; (C) a silane compound; (D) a phenol compound; and (E) a solvent. In the above Chemical Formula 1, each substituent is the same as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A vehicle communication authentication system performs mutual authentication with an authentication subject by performing a user subscriber identify module (USIM)-based authentication protocol in a wireless network, mounts a USIM card in which mutual authentication is succeeded in a vehicle terminal, and performs authentication of vehicle communication with a server that provides a vehicle service.

Abstract: An ortho-nitrobenzyl ester compound including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a positive photosensitive resin composition including the same are provided.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory device, a control device configured to control the memory device, a first channel configured to transfer a row command from the control device to the memory device, and a second channel configured to transfer a column command from the control device to the memory device.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for compression-encoding a moving picture at high speed while minimizing image quality deterioration. In H.264 moving picture encoding, the apparatus and method perform rate-distortion optimization (RDO) indispensable for high-definition encoding by feedback prediction, and minimize the amount of discrete cosine transform (DCT)-inverse DCT (IDCT) calculation performed for RDO many times, thereby performing H.264 encoding at high speed.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for generating digital cinema content and an apparatus and method for playing digital cinema content. The method of playing digital cinema content using a digital cinema package (DCP) including frame data having a first resolution and length information about frame data having a second resolution lower than the first resolution, and a key delivery message (KDM) includes obtaining a material exchange format (MXF) file and a decryption key by parsing the DCP and the KDM, extracting an encrypted triplet from the MXF file, extracting the length information about the second-resolution frame data using the encrypted triplet and the decryption key, decrypting an amount of data required to decrypt the second-resolution frame data in the first-resolution frame data using the length information about the second-resolution frame data, and decoding the decrypted second-resolution frame data.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a solar cell includes forming a transparent conductive layer on a substrate by depositing a transparent conductive oxide under room temperature, crystallizing the transparent conductive layer by irradiating a laser beam to the transparent conductive layer using a first laser; selectively etching the crystallized transparent conductive layer to form embossed and depressed patterns at a surface of the transparent conductive layer; forming transparent electrodes in unit cells by patterning the transparent conductive layer having the embossed and depressed patterns; forming a p-n junction semiconductor layer on the transparent electrodes and patterning the p-n junction semiconductor layer; and forming rear electrodes on the patterned p-n junction semiconductor layer by forming a metallic material layer and patterning the metallic material layer, the rear electrodes corresponding to the unit cells.