Abstract: In a non-terrestrial network, the delay in reception time may prevent reception of a random access preamble. A combination of increasing transmit power and changing the timing with which the random access preamble is transmitted may enable reception of the random access preamble. One or more criteria may be used to determine whether the timing advance value with which the random access preamble is transmitted should be changed before retransmission is attempted.

Abstract: Certain embodiments may relate to communication systems, and, for example, some embodiments may relate to multi-QoS level uplink grants. According to a first embodiment, a method may include transmitting, by a first network entity, one or more grants of one or more uplink resources to a second network entity. The one or more grants of one or more uplink resources includes one or more physical resource allocation parameters containing one or more logical channel groups. The method may further include receiving, by the first network entity, data from the second network entity allocated according to the one or more logical channel groups.

Abstract: Various example embodiments relate to a solution for modifying mobility events by making them depend on information which captures a moving cell direction. An apparatus may obtain location information associated with at least one moving neighboring cell. The apparatus may determine, based on the location information, a distance change associated with the at least one moving neighboring cell with respect to a user node location. The apparatus may determine an offset for the at least one moving neighboring cell based on the distance change associated with the at least one moving neighboring cell. The apparatus may apply the offset associated with the at least one moving neighboring cell in a mobility event associated with the at least one moving neighboring cell. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: It is provided a method, comprising measuring, during a period, a first time of arrival (TOA) of a first signal from a first satellite, a second TOA of a second signal from a second satellite, and a third TOA of a third signal from a third satellite; reporting, after the period has elapsed, the first TOA along with the first cell identifier and a first parameter enabling to derive a transmit time of the first signal, the second TOA along with the second cell identifier and a second parameter enabling to derive a transmit time of the second signal, and the third TOA along with the third cell identifier and a third parameter enabling to derive a transmit time of the third signal, wherein the first TOA is measured within a set first interval in the period; the second TOA is measured within a set second interval in the period; the second interval does not overlap the first interval.

Abstract: Obtaining target cell ephemeris information for handover cases is provided. A method may be performed by a user equipment of acquiring, prior to initiating a handover, assistance information about each target neighboring cell in a list of candidate cells that is on the same satellite or a different satellite as a current cell to which the apparatus is currently connected. The handover may be performed from the current cell to one target neighboring cell from the generated list of candidate cells based on the assistance information.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method comprising determining a first time period during which radio mobility of one or more terminal devices is not expected, determining a second time period during which radio mobility of the one or more terminal devices is expected, determining a first synchronization signal block, SSB, transmission mode that is to be applied during the first time period, and determining a second synchronization signal block, SSB, transmission mode that is to be applied during the second time period.

Abstract: In a non-terrestrial network, the delay in reception time may prevent reception of a random access preamble. A combination of increasing transmit power and changing the timing with which the random access preamble is transmitted may enable reception of the random access preamble. One or more criteria may be used to determine whether the timing advance value with which the random access preamble is transmitted should be changed before retransmission is attempted.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus, such as a user equipment, configured at least to process a measurement instruction received in the apparatus from a cellular communication system, based on the measurement instruction, measure a received signal strength of a signal from each cell of a first cell set and each cell of a second cell set, the first cell set and the second cell set comprising cells of the cellular communication system, and determine a first signal strength value for the first cell set and a second signal strength value for the second cell set, and report to the cellular communication system a value obtained from the first signal strength value and the second signal strength value.

Abstract: A method, device and computer readable medium are used to support satellite access. The registration management entity of the network determines information regarding which beam covering the location of the terminal device and the corresponding timing; the terminal device triggers a registration update based on the information determined by the registration management entity. Thus, the method, device and computer readable medium can introduce less modification to the network and have good compatibility.

Abstract: In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, a method comprising: receiving from a network node, by a user equipment of a plurality of user equipment associated with more than one communication beam of a communication network, information comprising locations in time of the user equipment during paging occasions with at least one cell of the communication network associated over more than one communication beam, wherein the information identifies any provided order of the more than one communication beam covering the locations in time of the user equipment during the paging occasions; and based on the information, identifying by the user equipment at least one communication beam and timing of at least one paging occasion, of the paging occasions, for the user equipment.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for selecting system information blocks containing satellite assistance information to be read such that up-to-date satellite assistance information in order for the apparatus to maintain up to date satellite assistance information. The apparatus and method take account of the discontinuous mode of operation of the apparatus and seek to align the selected system information blocks with the operational times of the apparatus. The apparatus and method also seek to preferentially select the system information blocks closest to the end of the valid time period for the current satellite assistance information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for determining a time window during which system information blocks containing satellite assistance information should be read in order for the apparatus to reliably maintain up-to-date satellite assistance information.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus in a user equipment, the apparatus comprising including: one or more processors, and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to: perform measurements on signals received from a target network entity, wherein the user equipment is connected to a serving network entity and calculate a variance of the measurements over a time period. The one or more processors, and memory storing instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the apparatus to, in response to determining that the calculated variance is above a threshold value, adjust the transmission of a measurement report from the user equipment.

Abstract: Various example embodiments relate to performing random access to a communication network. An apparatus may determine satellite positioning information comprising a location of the apparatus and/or time information. The apparatus may determine an estimate of the accuracy of the satellite positioning information and select a type of random access procedure accordingly. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media of signalling enabling Timing Advance (TA) exchange between User Equipment (UE) and Radio Access Network (RAN). The method comprises receiving, at a first device, a TA margin from a second device; transmitting, to the second device, information associated with a reference location of the first device at a first time point; determining a reference TA of the first device at least based on the reference location of the first device; determining an actual TA of the first device at least based on an actual location of the first device at a second time point; and determining, based on a comparison of a TA margin with a difference between the reference TA and the actual TA, whether to transmit an updated reference location of the first device to the second device. In this way, the control for uplink overhead from TA/location updates and probability of impacting downlink scheduling become flexible.

Abstract: Example embodiments provide signaling between a network node and a client node in non-terrestrial network which enables optimizing energy consumption of the client node. The client node may adapt its power saving mode duration to end at a suitable time for transmission based on information about transmission opportunities computed by the network node. The network nodes may be moving network nodes that operate at altitude, such as satellites. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method comprising receiving a data packet from an access node, combining the received data packet with previous repetitions of the data packet to obtain a combined data packet, attempting to decode information comprised in the combined data packet, determining that the attempt to decode was not successful, determining an estimate of energy required for a correct reception of the data packet and based, at least partly, on the determined estimation for the energy, determining an additional number of repetitions of the data packet.

Abstract: Various techniques are provided for generating and communicating an acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media of UL data duplication avoidance. The method includes obtaining, from an application layer of a terminal device, at least one UL data to be transmitted to a network device, the at least one UL data including one or more application retransmission data and keeping the one or more application retransmission data in a buffer of the terminal device for respective time intervals. The method further includes in accordance with a determination that an indication, that respective acknowledges are received for at least a portion of application retransmission data in the one or more application retransmission data, is received from the application layer, removing the portion of application retransmission data from the buffer. In this way, redundant retransmission of UL application data may be avoided.

Abstract: A client device, a network node device, methods and computer programs are disclosed. A client device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the client device to receive a timing advance configuration message from a network node device, wherein the timing advance configuration message comprises a plurality of timing advance commands; perform a plurality of consecutive uplink transmissions to the network node device; and apply the plurality of timing advance commands between the plurality of consecutive uplink transmissions.