Abstract: Devices, methods and computer programs for synchronization information determination with respect to neighboring cells in wireless communications are disclosed. A network node device determines enhanced synchronization information related to neighboring cell(s) of a current cell served by the network node device. The network node device transmits the determined enhanced synchronization information via downlink signaling to at least one client device located in the current cell. A client device receives the enhanced synchronization information via the downlink signaling. The client device determines synchronization status data of the neighboring cell(s) with respect to the current cell based on the received enhanced synchronization information. The client device may perform an accelerated search for at least one of the neighboring cell(s) based on the determined synchronization status data.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for utilizing user equipment (UE) detection of radio state conditions. For example, certain embodiments may detect and utilize knowledge of periodic line-of-sight (LOS)/non-LOS (NLOS) radio state changes to improve a network's handling of such radio states. In particular, a UE may be configured to observe LOS/NLOS radio state transitions over time. The UE may generate an estimate of when periodic radio state changes have occurred. The UE may report a prediction of a future LOS/NLOS radio state change based on the estimates of when the previous radio state changes have occurred. The predictions may be reported to the network as a measurement report.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method comprising obtaining information comprising a location of a terminal device, obtaining an angle of arrival (342) of a signal transmitted by the terminal device, determining an expected angle of arrival (344) based, at least partly, on the location of the terminal device, determining if the angle of arrival of the signal transmitted by the terminal device and the expected angle of arrival correspond to each other, and if they do not performing an action associated with an incorrect reported location.

Abstract: Aspects and embodiments relate to an apparatus and method for evaluating location of a terrestrial network node in a non-terrestrial network. In particular, one aspect provides an apparatus, comprising means for receiving an indication of propagation delay between a terrestrial network node and a non-terrestrial node in a non-terrestrial wireless communication network; means for receiving an indication of location of the non-terrestrial node; and means for evaluating location of the terrestrial network node in dependence upon the received indication of propagation delay between the terrestrial network node and the non-terrestrial node, and the indication of location of the non-terrestrial node. A further aspect provides a method of evaluating location of a terrestrial network node, and a computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform that method.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for conditional hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK). For instance, a user equipment (UE) may estimate, during reception of a downlink transmission with x repetitions, an amount of extra energy that may be needed to help ensure successful decoding. The UE may then express this estimate as a quantity of repetitions (y) needed for successful reception, and may inform the radio access network (RAN) of this quantity (e.g., at least one round-trip time (RTT) before the last repetition of the x repetitions is sent). The RAN may handle this message as a conditional positive ACK. The RAN may send the quantity of repetitions y, and may implicitly assume an ACK for that TBS after sending the y repetitions. The RAN may send the next transport blocks (TBS) for that HARQ process after completing transmission of they repetitions.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a network node, before entering a power saving state, an indication of a dependency between frequencies and time instances; identifying at least one frequency based on the indicated dependency and a moment of time; and selecting a cell utilizing the identified at least one frequency.

Abstract: A method for identifying an interfering aerial vehicle user equipment within a communications system, the method including determining for the interfering aerial vehicle user equipment a first signal measurement value is less than a first threshold value; and determining for the interfering aerial vehicle user equipment a second signal measurement value related to the radio interface between the interfering aerial vehicle user equipment and a serving cell access point is greater than a second threshold value, and the first signal measurement value is determined based on a comparison between the second signal measurement value and further signal measurement values related to the radio interface between the interfering aerial vehicle user equipment and at least one further cell access point.

Abstract: A base station serving UE(s) receives validity time information for cell(s) formed by other base station(s). The validity time information indicates at least a time period when corresponding cells are available for use by the UE(s). The base station determines action(s) to perform for the UE(s) based on the validity time information. A UE receives, from a base station, validity time for cell(s) formed by other base station(s). The UE performs action(s) based on the validity time of the cell(s).

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus comprising one or more processors, and one or more memories storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, by a user equipment, directional probability information comprising a plurality of directions with probabilities, wherein a probability of a direction of the plurality of directions indicates how probable it is that another use equipment is in that direction; and determining beam widths and beamforming directions based on the probabilities.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program for aiding identification of a target of a response to a request. The apparatus comprises means for generating the request. Means for determining a timing advance to be applied to a predetermined time of transmission of the request in order for the request to reach a destination at the predetermined time. Means for transmitting the request signal towards the to destination. Means for receiving a response, the response comprising a timing advance indication, the timing advance indication indicating a difference in time between receipt of the request signal and the predetermined time. Means for determining from the timing advance indication and the determined timing advance whether the received response is a response to the request.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for dynamic cell-specific delay for timing scaling in a non-terrestrial network (NTN). For example, certain embodiments may utilize a cell-common delay composed of FL and part of SL (until a cell-specific reference surface). A network node (e.g., a gNB) may calculate the cell-common delay as a function of time (T_c(t)) and may provide this function to the UEs (the satellite path may beis deterministic). The function of time may be a combination of two functions representing the FL and SL. The function can may be broadcasted in a system information block (SIB) or transmitted directly to the UE through radio resource control (RRC) signaling when it becomes active, is handed over, and/or regularly updated.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a client device comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least ne processor, cause the client device to: detect need for random access, random access, in a non-terrestrial network to a target cell of the non-terrestrial network; identify whether the needed random access is intra-satellite or inter-satellite; in response to the needed random access being intra-satellite, perform a first random access procedure, wherein, in the first random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in a single message; and in response to the needed random access being inter-satellite, perform a second random access procedure wherein, in the second random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in separate messages.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method, including performing a discovery process by a first user terminal in a wireless setting, wherein the discovery process includes defining a plurality of beamforming beams for a spatially selective transmission or reception, forming at least one beam sweeping pattern from the plurality of beamforming beams at the first user terminal, wherein the plurality of beamforming beams forming the at least one beam sweeping pattern differ in at least one of a range and a directivity, and wherein the range of the plurality of beamforming beams is divided in at least two categories differing in range.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus, said apparatus comprising means for determining which of at least two lower layer radio units co-located at a first location, each lower layer radio unit associated with a higher layer radio unit, has a best path to the associated higher layer radio unit and causing the transmit power of the determined one of the at least two lower layer radio units received at a user equipment to be higher relative to the transmit power of any of the other of the at least two lower layer radio units received at the user equipment.

Abstract: An apparatus which is able to communicate based on at least two communication methods, wherein each communication method is configured to communicate with access networks by using at least one subflow, acquires (S41) information from at least one of the communication methods for at least one of the subflows and provides (S42) the information to a subflow control entity at a higher layer of the apparatus. Based on the information, the subflow control entity evaluates (S43) whether a change will occur in the at least one of the subflows. In case the change is evaluated to occur in the at least one of the subflows, the subflow control entity evaluates (S44) when the change will occur, and evaluates (S45) whether the change evaluated to occur impacts a specific requirement of delivering packets by using the at least one of the subflows. In case the change is evaluated to impact the specific requirement, the subflow control entity changes (S46) usage of the subflows for delivering packets.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for deploying an unmanned vehicle base station (BS) are provided. One method may include receiving an indication from at least one device of its capability to switch to a temporary cell of an unmanned vehicle base station (BS), and determining, based on knowledge of locations on a planned path of the unmanned vehicle base station (BS), which of the at least one device is located within coverage of one of the locations on the planned path. The method may then include configuring discontinuous reception cycles or Power-Saving Mode (PSM) of the at least one device so that the at least one device is awake when the unmanned vehicle base station (BS) establishes the temporary cell.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided in accordance with example embodiments in order to provide for the efficient, dynamic distribution of traffic in a hybrid network environment based at least in part on reliability probabilities associated with individual subflows within the network. In some example implementations, a traffic distribution entity provides for control over the determination of combined reliability probabilities of multiple potential traffic distribution modes and the selection of a traffic distribution mode that is capable of meeting performance targets, such as those associated with mission-critical operations of cyber-physical systems.

Abstract: A method may include sending, by a user equipment, a random access preamble message to a network element. The method may also include receiving an uplink grant in a random access response message in response to the random access preamble message. The method may further include adding an implicit timing advance offset to an uplink time domain resource allocation of the uplink grant to establish synchronization of radio transmissions between the user equipment and the network element. The method may also include transmitting a scheduled transmission message including the implicit timing advance offset to the network element. Further, the implicit timing advance offset may be added to the uplink time domain resource before the scheduled transmission message is transmitted.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program is described comprising: determining a set of candidate radio resources for transmitting data from a first communication node of a non-terrestrial network to a second communication node of the non-terrestrial network over a direct radio link; identifying one or more of the candidate radio resources as conflicting radio resources that conflict with at least one scheduled radio transmission in the non-terrestrial network based, at least in part, on a propagation delay associated with the at least one scheduled radio transmission and/or a propagation delay associated with the radio transmission by the first communication node; generating a subset of candidate radio resources by excluding the identified one or more conflicting radio resources from the set of candidate radio resources; and selecting a radio resource from the subset of candidate radio resources for transmitting the data over the direct radio link.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for communication in non-terrestrial networks are disclosed. A set of Doppler shift curves for different distances to one or more satellite orbits is obtained. Measurements of satellite transmission are performed to obtain estimate of instantaneous Doppler shift of the transmission, the measurements including a timestamp. A Doppler shift curve corresponding to the measurements is calculated. A time offset on the selected curve is determined utilising the timestamps of the measurements, the time offset indicating the position of the Doppler shift of the apparatus on the curve. The Doppler shift of the satellite transmission is determined utilising the selected curve and the time offset.