Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for automatically controlling and stabilizing aspects of a scanning probe microscope (SPM), such as an atomic force microscope (AFM), using Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode. In an embodiment, a controller automatically controls periodic motion of a probe relative to a sample in response to a substantially instantaneous force determined, and automatically controls a gain in a feedback loop. A gain control circuit automatically tunes a gain based on separation distances between a probe and a sample to facilitate stability. Accordingly, instability onset is quickly and accurately determined during scanning, thereby eliminating the need of expert user tuning of gains during operation.

Abstract: An electronic device including a first body and a second body is disclosed. The first body includes a first system circuit board, a first grounding element, and a primary antenna. The first grounding element is disposed on the first system circuit board. The primary antenna is disposed on the first system circuit board and electrically connected to the first grounding element. The primary antenna transmits/receives at least one radio frequency (RF) signal. The second body includes a second system circuit board and a clearance area. The clearance area is on the second system circuit board, and no circuit exists in the clearance area. When the first body and the second body are stacked by parallelizing the first system circuit board and the second system circuit board, the clearance area is corresponding to the primary antenna.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the production of fluorinated olefins, preferably adapted to commercialization of CF3CF?CH2 (1234yf). Three steps may be used in preferred embodiments in which a feedstock such as CCl2?CClCH2Cl is fluorinated to synthesize a compound such as CF3CCl?CH2. The CF3CCl?CH2 is preferably converted to CF3CFClCH3 (244-isomer) using a SbCl5 as the catalyst which is then transformed selectively to 1234yf. For the first step, a mixture of Cr2O3 and FeCl3/C is preferably used as the catalyst to achieve high selectivity to CF3CCl?CH2 (96%). In the second step, SbCl5/C is preferably used as the selective catalyst for transforming 1233xf to 244-isomer, CF3CFClCH3. The intermediates are preferably isolated and purified by distillation and used in the next step without further purification, preferably to a purity level of greater than about 95%.

Abstract: An improved mode of AFM imaging (Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode) uses force as the feedback variable to reduce tip-sample interaction forces while maintaining scan speeds achievable by all existing AFM operating modes. Sample imaging and mechanical property mapping are achieved with improved resolution and high sample throughput, with the mode being workable across varying environments, including gaseous, fluidic and vacuum. Ease of use is facilitated by eliminating the need for an expert user to monitor imaging.

Abstract: An improved mode of AFM imaging (Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode) uses force as the feedback variable to reduce tip-sample interaction forces while maintaining scan speeds achievable by all existing AFM operating modes. Sample imaging and mechanical property mapping are achieved with improved resolution and high sample throughput, with the mode being workable across varying environments, including gaseous, fluidic and vacuum. Ease of use is facilitated by eliminating the need for an expert user to monitor imaging.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of collecting topography, mechanical property data and electrical property data with an atomic force microscope (AFM) in either a single pass or a dual pass operation. PFT mode is preferably employed thus allowing the use of a wide range of probes, one benefit of which is to enhance the sensitivity of electrical property measurement.

Abstract: A multi-functional photochromic chiral nematic liquid crystal window comprises at least a photochromic chiral nematic liquid crystal layer. The windows are able to not only to darken in color upon exposure to sunlight irradiation but also control the light and the heat passing through them, which can be used as the windows of buildings, vehicles, and the like.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for producing fluorinated organic compounds, including hydrofluoropropenes, which preferably comprises converting at least one compound of formula (I): CF3CHXCH2X??(I) to at least one compound of formula (II) CF3CZCHZ??(II). where X is independently Cl, Br, I or F, and Z independently is H or F. In certain preferred embodiments, each Z is different.

Abstract: Provided is a continuous process for preparing 1,1,2,3-tetrachloro-1-propene having the steps of catalytically dehydrochlorinating CH2ClCCl2CH2Cl in the gas phase to produce CHCl?CClCH2Cl; chlorinating the CHCl?CClCH2Cl to form CHCl2CCl2CH2Cl; and catalytically dehydrochlorinating the CHCl2CCl2CH2Cl in the gas phase to form CCl2?CClCH2Cl.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for separating and recovering waste alkali from a cyclohexane oxidation solution are provided. A gradient combination of the gravity separation technique, the vortex separation technique and the coalescence separation technique is used to carry out fine separation of the waste alkali liquor from the cyclohexane oxidation solution. The purified cyclohexane oxidation solution is fed into a down-stream apparatus. Most of the waste alkali liquor thus separated is recycled, while the remaining is expelled. The expelled waste alkali liquor is incinerated in an incinerator, followed by recovering the molten species using a pneumatic pulverization process.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the production of fluorinated olefins, preferably adapted to commercialization of CF3CF?CH2 (1234yf). Three steps may be used in preferred embodiments in which a feedstock such as CCl2?CClCH2Cl is fluorinated to synthesize a compound such as CF3CCl?CH2. The CF3CCl?CH2 is preferably converted to CF3CFClCH3 (244-isomer) using a SbCl5 as the catalyst which is then transformed selectively to 1234yf. For the first step, a mixture of Cr2O3 and FeCl3/C is preferably used as the catalyst to achieve high selectivity to CF3CCl?CH2 (96%). In the second step, SbCl5/C is preferably used as the selective catalyst for transforming 1233xf to 244-isomer, CF3CFClCH3. The intermediates are preferably isolated and purified by distillation and used in the next step without further purification, preferably to a purity level of greater than about 95%.

Abstract: An improved mode of AFM imaging (Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode) uses force as the feedback variable to reduce tip-sample interaction forces while maintaining scan speeds achievable by all existing AFM operating modes. Sample imaging and mechanical property mapping are achieved with improved resolution and high sample throughput, with the mode being workable across varying environments, including gaseous, fluidic and vacuum. Ease of use is facilitated by eliminating the need for an expert user to monitor imaging.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for purifying MTO quench water and scrubbing water via mini-hydrocyclone separation, comprising: removing the entrapped catalyst particles from the MTO quench water via mini-hydrocyclone separation; cooling the quench water purified by mini-hydrocyclone separation so as to effect the recycling of water; removing the entrapped catalyst particles from the MTO quench water to be stripped via mini-hydrocyclone separation, so as to reduce the deposition of the catalyst particles within the stripping tower; removing the entrapped catalyst particles from the MTO scrubbing water via mini-hydrocyclone separation; and cooling the scrubbing water purified via mini-hydrocyclone separation so as to effect the recycling of water. The invention also provides an apparatus for purifying MTO quench water and scrubbing water via mini-hydrocyclone separation.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the production of fluorinated olefins, preferably adapted to commercialization of CF3CF?CH2 (1234yf). Three steps may be used in preferred embodiments in which a feedstock such as CCl2?CClCH2Cl (which may be purchased or synthesized from 1,2,3-trichloropropane) is fluorinated (preferably with HF in gas-phase in the presence of a catalyst) to synthesize a compound such as CF3CCl?CH2, preferably in a 80-96% selectivity. The CF3CCl?CH2 is preferably converted to CF3CFClCH3 (244-isomer) using a SbCl5 as the catalyst which is then transformed selectively to 1234yf, preferably in a gas-phase catalytic reaction using activated carbon as the catalyst. For the first step, a mixture of Cr2O3 and FeCl3/C is preferably used as the catalyst to achieve high selectivity to CF3CCl?CH2 (96%). In the second step, SbCl5/C is preferably used as the selective catalyst for transforming 1233xf to 244-isomer, CF3CFClCH3.

Abstract: A method for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene comprising contacting a reactant comprising CCl2?CFCH2Cl with a fluorinating agent, such as HF, under conditions effective to produce a reaction product comprising CF3CF?CH2.

Abstract: A method of mounting electronic components on a PCB, includes following steps. The PCB is placed with a first side of the PCB facing upwards. A plurality of solder is applied on bonding pads of the first side. A plurality of electronic components is stuck on the bonding pads of the first side. The PCB is turned over with a second side of the PCB facing upwards and the first side of the PCB facing downwards. A plurality of solder is applied on bonding pads of the second side. A plurality of electronic components is stuck on the bonding pads of the second side. The PCB is placed in a reflow oven to weld the electronic components on the first side and the second side of the PCB.

Abstract: A method of mounting electronic components on a PCB, includes following steps. The PCB is placed with a first side of the PCB facing upwards. A plurality of solder is applied on bonding pads of the first side. A plurality of electronic components is stuck on the bonding pads of the first side. The PCB is turned over with a second side of the PCB facing upwards and the first side of the PCB facing downwards. A plurality of solder is applied on bonding pads of the second side. A plurality of electronic components is stuck on the bonding pads of the second side. The PCB is placed in a reflow oven to weld the electronic components on the first side and the second side of the PCB.

Abstract: An improved mode of AFM imaging (Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode) uses force as the feedback variable to reduce tip-sample interaction forces while maintaining scan speeds achievable by all existing AFM operating modes. Sample imaging and mechanical property mapping are achieved with improved resolution and high sample throughput, with the mode being workable across varying environments, including gaseous, fluidic and vacuum. Ease of use is facilitated by eliminating the need for an expert user to monitor imaging.

Abstract: Polythioetherimides and a producing method thereof. The method is comprised of using monosubstituted phthalic anhydride isomer as raw material, reacting it with disubstituted amine to produce disubstituted phthalimide, allowing coupling reaction between the obtained phthalimide and an alkali metal sulfide or sulfur to produce polythioetherimides.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for producing fluorinated organic compounds, including hydrofluoropropenes, which preferably comprises converting at least one compound of formula (I): CF3CHXCH2X ??(I) to at least one compound of formula (II) CF3CZCHZ ??(II). where X is independently Cl, Br, I or F, and Z independently is H or F. In certain preferred embodiments, each Z is different.