Abstract: A phase change memory apparatus comprises at least one heating layer; and at least one phase change layer comprising a vanadium dioxide layer, wherein each of the at least one phase change layer is set corresponding to each of the at least one heating layer, the at least one heating layer is configured to heat the at least one phase change layer.

Abstract: A data transmission method and apparatus are disclosed that resolves a technical problem where an existing data encryption algorithm offers poor security during transmission of data. The solution includes obtaining, by a first terminal, a data transmission request sent by a second terminal, the data transmission request at least carrying first encrypted data that is obtained by encrypting first exchange key of the second terminal by using a private key of the second terminal. The solution further includes decrypting, by the first terminal, the first encrypted data by using a public key of the second terminal to obtain the first exchange key, and obtaining a shared key of the first terminal and the second terminal according to the first exchange key. The solution further includes encrypting, by the first terminal, to-be-transmitted data by using the shared key to obtain encrypted to-be-transmitted data, and sending the encrypted to-be-transmitted data to the second terminal.

Abstract: This invention relates to a formulation of optical brightener, polyvinyl alcohol, glucomannan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and sorbitol which can be used on the sizing or coating application of papermaking. This composition yields high whiteness and brightness on the product paper.

Abstract: A new fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) formulation containing 0.1%-99.9% fluorescent brightener #351 (FB #351) 4,4?-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl disodium salt (CAS #27344-41-8) and 0.1%-99.9% fluorescent brightener #71 (FB #71) 4,4?-bis[4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino-2,2?-stilbene disodium salt (CAS #16090-02-1) is used on the wet-end papermaking process and coating papermaking process to increase the brightness of paper.

Abstract: Fluorescent whitening agent 71 (FB #71) 4,4?-bis[4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino-2,2?-stilbene disodium salt (CAS #16090-02-1) is used on the wet-end papermaking process and coating papermaking process to increase the brightness of paper.

Abstract: Fluorescent whitening agent 71 (FB #71) 4,4?-bis[4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino-2,2?-stilbene disodium salt (CAS #16090-02-1) is used on the wet-end papermaking process and coating papermaking process to increase the brightness of paper.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for the management of neural activity in an individual. Nerve activity is sensed and correlated with sensations such as pain. In response and without requiring input from the individual, although external input is contemplated, a signal is transmitted to another component for electrical stimulation that alters neural activity. Also, the modulation of the signals between the sensor and stimulator may be modified by a third component independently, independent of, or including user inputs.

Abstract: A new fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) formulation containing 0.1%-99.9% fluorescent brightener #351 (FB #351) 4,4?-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl disodium salt (CAS #27344-41-8) and 0.1%-99.9% fluorescent brightener #71 (FB #71) 4,4?-bis[4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino-2,2?-stilbene disodium salt (CAS #16090-02-1) is used on the wet-end papermaking process and coating papermaking process to increase the brightness of paper.

Abstract: A new optical brightening agent 351 (OBA 351) 4,4?-Bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl disodium salt (CAS 27344-41-8) is used on the wet-end papermaking process and coating papermaking process to increase the brightness of paper. The new OBA 351, when compared to the conventional OBA, is able to Obtain an additional 16 ISO brightness of performance.

Abstract: The present invention provides a noise reduction method and apparatus for use in reducing noise of a digital image. The noise reduction apparatus comprises a threshold value generating unit, a determining unit, and an adjusting unit. The threshold value generating unit generates a noise threshold value according to a target window and a first chrominance value and a second chrominance value of an input pixel of the image. The determining unit determines whether the input pixel needs to be adjusted according to the noise threshold value and pixel values of neighboring pixels of the input pixel. The adjusting unit adjusts the pixel value of the input pixel when the input pixel is determined as needing to be adjusted. Using the noise reduction apparatus of the present invention, not only noise of a digital image can be identified, but also the degradation caused by the noise can be reduced and thus the overall picture quality can be improved.

Abstract: A method for producing a layout of a device in an integrated circuit before actually fabricated is provided. The method includes inputting at least one fixed parameter for the device for fabrication. And then, a first part of a set of variable parameters of a layout of the device is input. The complete set of the variable parameters is generated. It is checked whether or not the layout with the parameters is satisfying a requirement, wherein an end step is reached if the layout is accepted by the requirement, and a new part of the set of variable parameters as the first part being looping in the foregoing steps if the layout is not accepted by the requirement.

Abstract: An inductor formed on a semiconductor substrate, comprising a coil formed with at least a single metal layer having a plurality of slots and an insulator layer filled in the plurality of slots, wherein the insulator layer is encompassed in the single metal layer and the insulator layer does not cover the top surface of the single metal layer.

Abstract: An inductor formed on a semiconductor substrate is provided in the present invention. The inductor comprises a metal layer and an insulator layer. The metal layer constitutes the coil of the inductor. The insulator layer comprises at least one insulator slot, and each insulator slot is encompassed in the metal layer.

Abstract: A metal layer such as copper, silver or nickel is coated on a surface of reinforcement particles (aluminum oxide or silicon carbide powder) by electroless plating technique. The metal-coated reinforcement particles with an appropriate volume fraction are inserted into the gap between two metal plates or two metal matrix composite (MMC) plates. The reinforcement particles are stirred into the metal plates or the MMC plates by friction stir welding (FSW) to form a butt weld metal containing reinforcement particles. Or the metal-coated reinforcement particles deposited on the surface of the metal plates or the MMC plates and then are stirred into base material of the metal plates. The metal-coated reinforcement particles are uniformly distributed in a weld metal by such stirring, the coated metal layer on the surface of the reinforcement particles form an alloy with metallurgical bonding.

Abstract: A method for producing a layout of a device in an integrated circuit before actually fabricated is provided. The method includes inputting at least one fixed parameter for the device for fabrication. And then, a first part of a set of variable parameters of a layout of the device is input. The complete set of the variable parameters is generated. It is checked whether or not the layout with the parameters is satisfying a requirement, wherein an end step is reached if the layout is accepted by the requirement, and a new part of the set of variable parameters as the first part being looping in the foregoing steps if the layout is not accepted by the requirement.

Abstract: The present invention provides a noise reduction method and apparatus for use in reducing noise of a digital image. The noise reduction apparatus comprises a threshold value generating unit, a determining unit, and an adjusting unit. The threshold value generating unit generates a noise threshold value according to a target window and a first chrominance value and a second chrominance value of an input pixel of the image. The determining unit determines whether the input pixel needs to be adjusted according to the noise threshold value and pixel values of neighboring pixels of the input pixel. The adjusting unit adjusts the pixel value of the input pixel when the input pixel is determined as needing to be adjusted. Using the noise reduction apparatus of the present invention, not only noise of a digital image can be identified, but also the degradation caused by the noise can be reduced and thus the overall picture quality can be improved.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for the management of neural activity in an individual. Nerve activity is sensed and correlated with sensations such as pain. In response and without requiring input from the individual, although external input is contemplated, a signal is transmitted to another component for electrical stimulation that alters neural activity. Also, the modulation of the signals between the sensor and stimulator may be modified by a third component independently, independent of, or including user inputs.

Abstract: An inductor formed on a semiconductor substrate is provided in the present invention. The inductor includes a metal layer and an insulator layer. The metal layer constitutes the coil of the inductor. The insulator layer includes at least one insulator slot, and each insulator slot is encompassed in the metal layer.

Abstract: A mounting apparatus for mounting a data storage device that defines a locking hole in a sidewall thereof, includes a bracket for holding the data storage device, a first locking member, and a second locking member. The bracket includes a side wall. The side wall defines a through-hole therein. The first locking member is pivotably mounted to the side wall of the bracket. A locking portion protrudes from the first locking member for being inserted through the through-hole of the bracket to engage in the locking hole of the data storage device. The second locking member is pivotably mounted to the side wall of the bracket, and releasably mounted to the first locking member.

Abstract: A method for producing an IC layout with radio frequency devices is provided. The method has following steps. Type information of at least one RF device is inputted, and at least one RF parameter corresponding to the RF device is inputted as well. A frequency response result is then generated based on the type information and the RF parameter. When the frequency response result meets the required specification, an IC layout process is performed based on the frequency response result. However, when the frequency response result doesn't meet the required specification, another RE parameter is inputted again to produce new frequency response result.