Abstract: An operating method of a nonvolatile memory device is provided which sequentially performs a plurality of erase loops to erase at least one of a plurality of memory blocks. The operating method comprises performing at least one of the plurality of erase loops; performing a post-program operation on the at least one memory block after the at least one erase loop is executed; and performing remaining erase loops of the plurality of erase loops. The post-program operation is not performed when each of the remaining erase loops is executed.

Abstract: Provided are a yeast cell in which the activity of an external mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase is decreased and a method of producing lactate by using the yeast cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a thin film solar cell including a substrate, a first electrode, a light absorbing layer, a buffer layer, a window layer, and a second electrode, wherein a compound layer of MxSy or MxSey (here, M is metal, and x and y each are a natural number) is present in an interface between the first electrode and the light absorbing layer, the thickness of the compound layer of MxSy or MxSey being 150 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a charge storage pattern formed on a substrate; a dielectric pattern formed on the charge storage pattern; a first conductive pattern including silicon doped with a first impurity of a first concentration, the first conductive pattern being disposed on the dielectric pattern; and a second conductive pattern including metal silicide doped with a second impurity of a second concentration, the second conductive pattern being disposed on the first conductive pattern. The first concentration may be higher than the second concentration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a 3-dimensional P-N junction solar cell composed of a base board coated with a back plate on the upper face of the same; a P type semiconductor thin film formed on the top side of the back plate which has a 3-dimensional porous structure and is composed of P type semiconductor crystal grains; a N type buffer layer formed on the surface of the crystal grains of the said P type semiconductor thin film with playing a role of coating the thin film; and a transparent electrode formed on the surface of the crystal grains of the P type semiconductor thin film on which the N type buffer layer is formed. The solar cell of the present invention is a P-N junction solar cell including a 3-dimensional photo catalytic thin film, which can provide an improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, compared with the conventional P-N junction solar cell, owing to the formation of the N-type buffer layer on the surface of the crystal grains of the 3-dimensional P type semiconductor thin film.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display including: a first plastic layer; a first barrier layer formed on the first plastic layer; a first intermediate layer formed on the first barrier layer; a second plastic layer formed on the intermediate layer; an OLED layer formed on the second plastic layer; and a thin-film encapsulation layer encapsulating the OLED layer.

Abstract: Provided are acetylated cellulose ether and an article including the same. The acetylated cellulose ether has a molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 1,000,000 Daltons, a contact angle of about 20 to about 45 degrees (°), and a tensile strength of about 50 to about 100 MPa.

Abstract: A recombinant microorganism comprising a lactic acid (LA) transporter, wherein the expression of the LA transporter in the recombinant microorganism is increased relative to a parent microorganism, and a method of producing lactic acid using same.

Abstract: An operating method of a nonvolatile memory device is provided which sequentially performs a plurality of erase loops to erase at least one of a plurality of memory blocks. The operating method comprises performing at least one of the plurality of erase loops; performing a post-program operation on the at least one memory block after the at least one erase loop is executed; and performing remaining erase loops of the plurality of erase loops. The post-program operation is not performed when each of the remaining erase loops is executed.

Abstract: A method for determining a transmission power in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system based on a cooperative transmission is provided. The method includes setting a power constraint condition of a transmitter and target quality information of a receiver. The method further includes determining the transmission power to be allocated to the transmitter to transmit the data to the receiver based on the power constraint condition and the target quality information.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a charge storage pattern formed on a substrate; a dielectric pattern formed on the charge storage pattern; a first conductive pattern including silicon doped with a first impurity of a first concentration, the first conductive pattern being disposed on the dielectric pattern; and a second conductive pattern including metal silicide doped with a second impurity of a second concentration, the second conductive pattern being disposed on the first conductive pattern. The first concentration may be higher than the second concentration.

Abstract: A method for determining a transmission power in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system based on a cooperative transmission is provided. The method includes setting a power constraint condition of a transmitter and target quality information of a receiver. The method further includes determining the transmission power to be allocated to the transmitter to transmit the data to the receiver based on the power constraint condition and the target quality information.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a charge storage pattern formed on a substrate; a dielectric pattern formed on the charge storage pattern; a first conductive pattern including silicon doped with a first impurity of a first concentration, the first conductive pattern being disposed on the dielectric pattern; and a second conductive pattern including metal silicide doped with a second impurity of a second concentration, the second conductive pattern being disposed on the first conductive pattern. The first concentration may be higher than the second concentration.

Abstract: A method for determining a transmission power in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system based on a cooperative transmission is provided. The method includes setting a power constraint condition of a transmitter and target quality information of a receiver. The method further includes determining the transmission power to be allocated to the transmitter to transmit the data to the receiver based on the power constraint condition and the target quality information.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a charge storage pattern formed on a substrate; a dielectric pattern formed on the charge storage pattern; a first conductive pattern including silicon doped with a first impurity of a first concentration, the first conductive pattern being disposed on the dielectric pattern; and a second conductive pattern including metal silicide doped with a second impurity of a second concentration, the second conductive pattern being disposed on the first conductive pattern. The first concentration may be higher than the second concentration.

Abstract: Disclosed is a thin film solar cell including a substrate, a first electrode, a light absorbing layer, a buffer layer, a window layer, and a second electrode, wherein a compound layer of MxSy or MxSey (here, M is metal, and x and y each are a natural number) is present in an interface between the first electrode and the light absorbing layer, the thickness of the compound layer of MxSy or MxSey being 150 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided are a yeast cell in which the activity of an external mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase is decreased and a method of producing lactate by using the yeast cell.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display including: a first plastic layer; a first barrier layer formed on the first plastic layer; a first intermediate layer formed on the first barrier layer; a second plastic layer formed on the intermediate layer; an OLED layer formed on the second plastic layer; and a thin-film encapsulation layer encapsulating the OLED layer.

Abstract: A recombinant microorganism comprising a lactic acid (LA) transporter, wherein the expression of the LA transporter in the recombinant microorganism is increased relative to a parent microorganism, and a method of producing lactic acid using same.

Abstract: Provided is a cassette for deleting a target gene comprising (a) a promoter-specific homologous region having a sequence identity to a portion of a promoter region of the target gene, wherein the degree of sequence identity is sufficient to drive homologous recombination therebetween, (b) a marker gene operably linked to the promoter-specific homologous region, and (c) a gene-specific homologous region adjacent to 3?-end of the marker gene and having a sequence identity to at least a portion of the target gene, wherein the degree of sequence identity is sufficient to drive homologous recombination therebetween.