Abstract: This disclosure provides an optical module, a network device, and a data transmission method, and pertains to the field of optical communication. The optical module with a FlexE interface converts a system-side FlexE block stream into a plurality of Ethernet block streams by using a characteristic of FlexE channelization, and sends an optical signal generated by electrical-to-optical conversion, so that one interface that is of the optical module and that is interconnected with a network device is mapped to a plurality of optical interfaces. Therefore, density of optical interfaces is improved, to help implement high-density optical interfaces.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method, a communications apparatus, a network device, a communications system, a storage medium, and a computer program product, to resolve a current problem that bandwidth waste is relatively severe when a service is carried based on a FlexE technology. In this application, a frame structure of a fine-granularity service frame is newly defined, so that service data can be transmitted in a time division multiplexing mode by using an Ethernet (ETH) interface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for providing sets of compatible firmware versions (e.g., cross-compatibility solution) for flashing (e.g., programming or re-programming) different devices of a network of devices (e.g., an industrial automation system) when using a flashing application. Providing the compatible firmware versions of such network of devices may facilitate flashing the devices with compatible firmware, based on a topology of the network of devices, to prevent functional errors in the network of devices. The present systems and methods may also be applicable to determining and providing cross-compatibility solution between different firmware, as well as software, used by different devices of a network of devices.

Abstract: A bit error indication method for a service stream and a related communication apparatus are disclosed. According to the method, when a quantity of bit errors that is counted inside a device exceeds a preset threshold, it can be ensured that the device continues to work normally. The method includes: A network device receives a first signal stream from a first node by using N slots of a first bonding group, determines a first check value based on a first check code in the first signal stream, determines a second check value based on the first check value and a current check value, and sends a second signal stream to a second node by using M slots of the first bonding group. The second signal stream includes a target check value determined based on the second check value.

Abstract: A method includes: a first network device obtains a synchronization mode indication and synchronization information, where the synchronization mode indication indicates a target network device to perform synchronization based on the synchronization information. The first network device sends the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information through a network that supports FlexE. A second network device receives the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information through a network that supports FlexE. The second network device performs synchronization based on the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for providing sets of compatible firmware versions (e.g., cross-compatibility solution) for flashing (e.g., programming or re-programming) different devices of a network of devices (e.g., an industrial automation system) when using a flashing application. Providing the compatible firmware versions of such network of devices may facilitate flashing the devices with compatible firmware, based on a topology of the network of devices, to prevent functional errors in the network of devices. The present systems and methods may also be applicable to determining and providing cross-compatibility solution between different firmware, as well as software, used by different devices of a network of devices.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for providing sets of compatible firmware versions (e.g., cross-compatibility solution) for flashing (e.g., programming or re-programming) different devices of a network of devices (e.g., an industrial automation system) when using a flashing application. Providing the compatible firmware versions of such network of devices may facilitate flashing the devices with compatible firmware, based on a topology of the network of devices, to prevent functional errors in the network of devices. The present systems and methods may also be applicable to determining and providing cross-compatibility solution between different firmware, as well as software, used by different devices of a network of devices.

Abstract: A clock synchronization method includes receiving, by a receiving apparatus, a plurality of data blocks using a plurality of physical layer modules (PHYs), where the plurality of data blocks include a plurality of head data blocks, performing, by the receiving apparatus, timestamp sampling on the plurality of data blocks to generate a plurality of receipt timestamps, aligning, by the receiving apparatus, the plurality of receipt timestamps using a first receipt timestamp as a reference, generating, by the receiving apparatus, a clock synchronization packet based on the plurality of data blocks, and writing, by the receiving apparatus, a value of a second receipt timestamp into the clock synchronization packet, where the second receipt timestamp is a receipt timestamp that is of a second data block and that is determined based on the plurality of aligned receipt timestamps.

Abstract: A communication method and device, and a chip system adjust, by adjusting a quantity of slot resources included in a multiframe, a bandwidth resource corresponding to one multiframe. A first communication device sends a first request message. The first request message is used to request to adjust a quantity of basic frames in a multiframe included in a first block sequence. The first communication device multiplexes, based on S1 slot resources corresponding to the adjusted multiframe in the first block sequence, Q1 first block sequences corresponding to a slot resource in the S1 slot resources, to obtain and send the first block sequence.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for sending and receiving a clock synchronization packet in FlexE. The method includes: generating, by a sending apparatus, indication information and a plurality of data blocks, where the plurality of data blocks are obtained by encoding a first clock synchronization packet, the indication information is used to indicate a first data block, and the first data block is a data block used for timestamp sampling in the plurality of data blocks; determining, by the sending apparatus, according to the indication information, a moment at which the first data block arrives at a medium dependent interface MDI of the sending apparatus, and generating a sending timestamp, where the sending timestamp is used to record a sending moment of the first clock synchronization packet; generating a second clock synchronization packet carrying the sending timestamp; and sending, by the sending apparatus, the second clock synchronization packet.

Abstract: A data transmission method in FlexE includes: obtaining multiple data blocks sent by L FlexE clients, where L is greater than or equal to 1; and sending a data frame including the multiple data blocks to a physical-layer device, where a transmission rate of the data frame is N*100 Gbit/s, the data frame includes T data block groups, each of the T data block groups includes M continuous data block subgroups, each of the M continuous data block subgroups includes R*N continuous data blocks, the data frame further includes T overhead block groups, a tth overhead block group includes N continuous overhead blocks. According to the method, each data block subgroup in a data frame can include R*N data blocks, and each overhead block group can include N overhead blocks, and a data transmission rate can be adjusted flexibly.

Abstract: This application provides an isolation and recovery method and related network device for a case when one or more physical layer apparatuses (PHYs) in a flexible Ethernet group (FlexE group) are faulty. In the method, if a network device determines that a first overhead block corresponding to each current available PHY is stored in a corresponding memory, the network device determines that a FlexE group meets a PHY alignment condition, and starts to simultaneously read cached data from all memories. Therefore, there is no need to insert local fault LF code blocks to all clients, and there is no need to recreate a group. This effectively reduces the impact of a faulty PHY on client services carried by a normal PHY.

Abstract: A method includes: a first network device obtains a synchronization mode indication and synchronization information, where the synchronization mode indication indicates a target network device to perform synchronization based on the synchronization information. The first network device sends the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information through a network that supports FlexE. A second network device receives the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information through a network that supports FlexE. The second network device performs synchronization based on the synchronization mode indication and the synchronization information.

Abstract: This application discloses a bit error indication method for a service stream and a communication apparatus, so that when a quantity of bit errors that is counted inside a device exceeds a preset threshold, it can be ensured that the device continues to work normally. The method includes: A network device receives a first signal stream from a first node by using N slots of a first bonding group, determines a first check value based on a first check code in the first signal stream, determines a second check value based on the first check value and a current check value, and sends a second signal stream to a second node by using M slots of the first bonding group. The second signal stream includes a target check value determined based on the second check value.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method, a communications apparatus, a network device, a communications system, a storage medium, and a computer program product, to resolve a current problem that bandwidth waste is relatively severe when a service is carried based on a FlexE technology. In this application, a frame structure of a fine-granularity service frame is newly defined, so that service data can be transmitted in a time division multiplexing mode by using an Ethernet (ETH) interface.

Abstract: A clock synchronization method includes receiving, by a receiving apparatus, a plurality of data blocks using a plurality of physical layer modules (PHYs), where the plurality of data blocks include a plurality of head data blocks, performing, by the receiving apparatus, timestamp sampling on the plurality of data blocks to generate a plurality of receipt timestamps, aligning, by the receiving apparatus, the plurality of receipt timestamps using a first receipt timestamp as a reference, generating, by the receiving apparatus, a clock synchronization packet based on the plurality of data blocks, and writing, by the receiving apparatus, a value of a second receipt timestamp into the clock synchronization packet, where the second receipt timestamp is a receipt timestamp that is of a second data block and that is determined based on the plurality of aligned receipt timestamps.

Abstract: A clock synchronization method includes receiving, by a receiving apparatus, a plurality of data blocks using a plurality of physical layer modules (PHYs), where the plurality of data blocks include a plurality of head data blocks, performing, by the receiving apparatus, timestamp sampling on the plurality of data blocks to generate a plurality of receipt timestamps, aligning, by the receiving apparatus, the plurality of receipt timestamps using a first receipt timestamp as a reference, generating, by the receiving apparatus, a clock synchronization packet based on the plurality of data blocks, and writing, by the receiving apparatus, a value of a second receipt timestamp into the clock synchronization packet, where the second receipt timestamp is a receipt timestamp that is of a second data block and that is determined based on the plurality of aligned receipt timestamps.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for providing sets of compatible firmware versions (e.g., cross-compatibility solution) for flashing (e.g., programming or re-programming) different devices of a network of devices (e.g., an industrial automation system) when using a flashing application. Providing the compatible firmware versions of such network of devices may facilitate flashing the devices with compatible firmware, based on a topology of the network of devices, to prevent functional errors in the network of devices. The present systems and methods may also be applicable to determining and providing cross-compatibility solution between different firmware, as well as software, used by different devices of a network of devices.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for sending and receiving a clock synchronization packet in FlexE. The method includes: generating, by a sending apparatus, indication information and a plurality of data blocks, where the plurality of data blocks are obtained by encoding a first clock synchronization packet, the indication information is used to indicate a first data block, and the first data block is a data block used for timestamp sampling in the plurality of data blocks; determining, by the sending apparatus, according to the indication information, a moment at which the first data block arrives at a medium dependent interface MDI of the sending apparatus, and generating a sending timestamp, where the sending timestamp is used to record a sending moment of the first clock synchronization packet; generating a second clock synchronization packet carrying the sending timestamp; and sending, by the sending apparatus, the second clock synchronization packet.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for providing sets of compatible firmware versions (e.g., cross-compatibility solution) for flashing (e.g., programming or re-programming) different devices of a network of devices (e.g., an industrial automation system) when using a flashing application. Providing the compatible firmware versions of such network of devices may facilitate flashing the devices with compatible firmware, based on a topology of the network of devices, to prevent functional errors in the network of devices. The present systems and methods may also be applicable to determining and providing cross-compatibility solution between different firmware, as well as software, used by different devices of a network of devices.