Abstract: A memory expander includes memory sub-modules, power management integrated circuits, a controller, and a power controller. The memory sub-modules store data, and each of the memory sub-modules includes one or more memories. The power management integrated circuits independently supply powers to the memory sub-modules, respectively. The controller communicates with an external device through an interface (e.g., compute express link (CXL)), controls operations of the memory sub-modules, and checks whether the memory sub-modules are abnormal. The power controller controls operations of the power management integrated circuits. In response to a first memory sub-module becoming abnormal, the power controller controls a first power management integrated circuit to block a first power supplied to the first memory sub-module.

Abstract: A shared memory device includes a memory bank that stores first raw data corresponding to a first cache line stored in a first processor among processors, a snoop filter circuit including a first snoop filter entry corresponding to the first cache line and a first entry access count corresponding to the first snoop filter entry, and a migration management circuit that determines a hotness of the first cache line based on the first entry access count and issues a migration request for the first raw data to the first processor based on the hotness.

Abstract: A computing system includes an interconnect device, a plurality of memory devices electrically coupled to communicate with the interconnect device, a plurality of host devices electrically coupled to communicate with the interconnect device and configured to generate requests for access to the plurality of memory devices via the interconnect device, and a plurality of congestion monitors. These congestion monitors are configured to generate congestion information by monitoring a congestion degree of signal transfers with respect to at least one of the plurality of memory devices and the interconnect device in real time. The computing system is also configured to control at least one of: a memory region allocation of the plurality of host devices to the plurality of memory devices, and a signal transfer path inside the interconnect device, based on the congestion information.

Abstract: A memory module includes a device memory configured to store data and including a first memory area and a second memory area, and a controller including an accelerator circuit. The controller is configured to control the device memory, transmit a command to exclude the first memory area from the system memory map to a host processor in response to a mode change request, and modify a memory configuration register to exclude the first memory area from the memory configuration register. The accelerator circuit is configured to use the first memory area to perform an acceleration operation.

Abstract: A memory module includes a substrate, an allocator, memory cluster packages and serial communication lanes. The allocator is mounted on the substrate, and communicates with an external device through a CXL interface. The memory cluster packages are mounted on the substrate, and are controlled by the allocator. Each of the memory cluster packages includes memories and a memory controller. The serial communication lanes are disposed on the substrate for communications between the allocator and the memory cluster packages. A first memory cluster package communicates with the allocator through a first serial communication lane and the serial interface. A second memory cluster package communicates with the first memory cluster package through a second serial communication lane and the serial interface.

Abstract: A processor includes a processing core configured to process each of a plurality of requests by accessing a corresponding one of a first memory and a second memory, a latency monitor configured to generate first latency information and second latency information, the first latency information comprising a first access latency to the first memory, and the second latency information comprising a second access latency to the second memory, a plurality of cache ways divided into a first partition and a second partition, and a decision engine configured to allocate each of the plurality of cache ways to one of the first partition and the second partition, based on the first latency information and the second latency information.

Abstract: A memory includes: a request register configured to receive a first signal including a requester identifier using a first protocol from a host and configured to output a first priority corresponding to the requester identifier; a checker module configured to receive a second signal including a command and a request type from the host and using a second protocol that is different than the first protocol, where the checker module is configured to receive the first priority from the request register, and where the checker module is configured to determine a second priority of the command based on the first priority and the request type; a command generator configured to generate an internal command for memory operation based on the command; and a memory controller configured to schedule the internal command in a command queue based on the second priority.

Abstract: An accelerator module includes a plurality of memories and a controller. The controller includes a plurality of memory controllers, a plurality of processing units, and a managing circuit. The plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of memories form a plurality of memory sub-channels. The plurality of processing units perform computational operations on a plurality of data stored in or read from the plurality of memories. The managing circuit redistributes tasks performed by the plurality of processing units or changes connections between the plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of processing units in response to a first memory sub-channel and a first processing unit being in a heavy-workload state.

Abstract: A method of operating a Near Memory Processing-Dual In-line Memory (NMP-DIMM) system, the method including: determining, by an adaptive latency module of the NMP-DIMM system, a synchronized read latency value for performing a read operation upon receiving a Multi-Purpose Register (MPR) read instruction from a host device communicatively connected with the NMP-DIMM system, wherein the MPR read instruction is received from the host device for training the NMP-DIMM system, wherein the synchronized read latency value is determined based on one or more read latency values associated with one or more memory units of the NMP-DIMM system; and synchronizing, by the adaptive latency module, one or more first type data paths and a second type data path in the NMP-DIMM system based on the determined synchronized read latency value.

Abstract: An accelerator module includes a plurality of memories and a controller. The controller includes a plurality of memory controllers, a plurality of processing units, and a managing circuit. The plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of memories form a plurality of memory sub-channels. The plurality of processing units perform computational operations on a plurality of data stored in or read from the plurality of memories. The managing circuit redistributes tasks performed by the plurality of processing units or changes connections between the plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of processing units in response to a first memory sub-channel and a first processing unit being in a heavy-workload state.

Abstract: A memory includes: a request register configured to receive a first signal including a requester identifier using a first protocol from a host and configured to output a first priority corresponding to the requester identifier; a checker module configured to receive a second signal including a command and a request type from the host and using a second protocol that is different than the first protocol, where the checker module is configured to receive the first priority from the request register, and where the checker module is configured to determine a second priority of the command based on the first priority and the request type; a command generator configured to generate an internal command for memory operation based on the command; and a memory controller configured to schedule the internal command in a command queue based on the second priority.

Abstract: Various example embodiments may include methods of operating a network device, non-transitory computer readable media including computer readable instructions for operating a network device, systems including a network device, and/or a compute express link (CXL) switching device for synchronizing data. A CXL-based system includes a plurality of CXL processing devices configured to perform matrix multiplication calculation based on input vector data and a partial matrix, and output at least one interrupt signal and at least one packet based on results of the matrix multiplication calculation, the at least one packet including output vector data and characteristic data associated with the output vector data, and a CXL switching device configured to, synchronize the output vector data, the synchronizing including performing a calculation operation on the output vector data based on the interrupt signal and the packet, and provide the synchronized vector data to the plurality of CXL processing devices.

Abstract: A memory interface for interfacing with a memory device includes a control circuit configured to determine whether a trigger event has occurred for initializing one or more memory locations in the memory device, and initialize the one or more memory locations in the memory device with pre-defined data upon determining the trigger event has occurred.

Abstract: A compute express link (CXL) memory device includes a memory device storing data, and a controller configured to read the data from the memory device based on a first command received through a first protocol, select a calculation engine based on a second command received through a second protocol different from the first protocol, and control the calculation engine to perform a calculation on the read data.

Abstract: A processor includes a processing core configured to process each of a plurality of requests by accessing a corresponding one of a first memory and a second memory, a latency monitor configured to generate first latency information and second latency information, the first latency information comprising a first access latency to the first memory, and the second latency information comprising a second access latency to the second memory, a plurality of cache ways divided into a first partition and a second partition, and a decision engine configured to allocate each of the plurality of cache ways to one of the first partition and the second partition, based on the first latency information and the second latency information.

Abstract: A computing system includes an interconnect device, a plurality of memory devices electrically coupled to communicate with the interconnect device, a plurality of host devices electrically coupled to communicate with the interconnect device and configured to generate requests for access to the plurality of memory devices via the interconnect device, and a plurality of congestion monitors. These congestion monitors are configured to generate congestion information by monitoring a congestion degree of signal transfers with respect to at least one of the plurality of memory devices and the interconnect device in real time. The computing system is also configured to control at least one of: a memory region allocation of the plurality of host devices to the plurality of memory devices, and a signal transfer path inside the interconnect device, based on the congestion information.

Abstract: An accelerator module includes a plurality of memories and a controller. The controller includes a plurality of memory controllers, a plurality of processing units, and a managing circuit. The plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of memories form a plurality of memory sub-channels. The plurality of processing units perform computational operations on a plurality of data stored in or read from the plurality of memories. The managing circuit redistributes tasks performed by the plurality of processing units or changes connections between the plurality of memory controllers and the plurality of processing units in response to a first memory sub-channel and a first processing unit being in a heavy-workload state.

Abstract: A memory expander includes memory sub-modules, power management integrated circuits, a controller, and a power controller. The memory sub-modules store data, and each of the memory sub-modules includes one or more memories. The power management integrated circuits independently supply powers to the memory sub-modules, respectively. The controller communicates with an external device through an interface (e.g., compute express link (CXL)), controls operations of the memory sub-modules, and checks whether the memory sub-modules are abnormal. The power controller controls operations of the power management integrated circuits. In response to a first memory sub-module becoming abnormal, the power controller controls a first power management integrated circuit to block a first power supplied to the first memory sub-module.

Abstract: A memory includes: a request register configured to receive a first signal including a requester identifier using a first protocol from a host and configured to output a first priority corresponding to the requester identifier; a checker module configured to receive a second signal including a command and a request type from the host and using a second protocol that is different than the first protocol, where the checker module is configured to receive the first priority from the request register, and where the checker module is configured to determine a second priority of the command based on the first priority and the request type; a command generator configured to generate an internal command for memory operation based on the command; and a memory controller configured to schedule the internal command in a command queue based on the second priority.

Abstract: A Near Memory Processing (NMP) Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM) is provided that includes random access memory (RAM), a Near-Memory-Processing (NMP) circuit and a first control port. The NMP circuit is for receiving a command from a host system, determining an operation to be performed on the RAM in response to the command, and a location of data within the RAM with respect to the determined operation. The first control port interacts with a second control port of the host system to enable the NMP circuit to exchange control information with the host system in response to the received command.