Abstract: In order to carry out the method for controlling the firing rate of the combustion installation, the fire grate is equipped with a plurality of undergrate zones. In order to determine the control signal, the undergrate zone at the beginning of the main combustion zone is equipped with the corresponding measurement devices, namely a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor and the associated air supply line is equipped with an airflow measuring device. A further pressure sensor is provided in the furnace space so that the static pressure difference between the undergrate zone and the furnace space can be determined. The measured values from this measurement equipment are supplied to a central computer ZR which outputs, if necessary taking account of a flow coefficient .alpha.

Abstract: In order to remove deposits in feed nozzles (20), which serve to recycle exhaust gas into the furnace of a firing installation, a lance (27) can be inserted into the feed nozzles (20) and is held in such a way as to be displaceable in its longitudinal direction. The lance (27) has a nozzle head (28) at its front end for the spraying of water and is connected at its rear end to a valve device (29), which can be adjusted via a control device (32) with regard to the water quantity, the water pressure and the opening and closing times. By means of the lance (27), water is sprayed in a finely distributed manner onto deposits (34) in the interior of the feed nozzle (20), as a result of which the water penetrates into these deposits and causes these deposits to be blasted off due to the development of vapour.

Abstract: In a process for gasifying and burning waste materials, the waste materials are introduced into an incinerator (1) and end up on a burning grate (6) to which combustion air is conducted through various undergrate forced draft chambers (8a to 8e). In the first area combustion air is introduced at a superstoichiometric level in order to ignite the waste materials. Then, via the undergrate forced draft chambers (8c to 8e), oxygen is mixed into the air which is used for the gasification, thereby establishing a substoichiometric level which results in gasification of the waste materials. The combustible gases which result from this process pass via a waste gas flue (12) into a second furnace (2), in which the gases are burned at a superstoichiometric level through the introduction of combustion air. The resulting waste gases pass to a heat exchanger (3).

Abstract: Reflectors, for example, for lamps used for technical lighting purposes, having a surface which is resistant to mechanical and chemical attack and has high total reflectivity. The body (10) of the reflector, which is, for example, a rolled aluminum product such as a foil, a strip of a sheet, has a surface layer in the form of a layer system containing (a) a pretreatment layer (11), onto which is deposited (b) a functional layer (12) with silanes, having organo-functional groups, of a metal compound, and onto which is deposited (c) a metal-containing reflective layer (13). Layer (a) is deposited on the reflector body and increases the strength of bonding to the above lying layers (a) and (b). Layer (b) effects a flattening and increase in the mechanical strength of the above lying layer (c). The pretreatment layer can be a layer produced by anodic oxidation. The functional layer (b) can be a sol-gel layer.

Abstract: For determining the average radiation of a surface region of a burning bed, an infrared camera is used in a firing installation, which camera is aligned with this region and is equipped by means of appropriate flame filters in such a way that it operates at the minimum of the interfering radiation emanating from the flame, whereby this interfering radiation is already largely eliminated. In order then also to eliminate the solids radiation from moving particles and thus to obtain a temperature measurement of the burning bed, recordings are made successively at short intervals of time by means of the infrared camera and these are evaluated in the evaluation and control device.

Abstract: A fire grate has tensioning devices (3) inserted in recesses (2) of an oven wall (1), with each device acting upon one grate side plate. The tensioning device (3) includes a cylinder (4) inserted into the oven wall, a hollow piston (7) guided therein and a spring (26), which can be adjusted in its tension. The grate side plate has a carrying plate (12) directly fastened to the piston bottom (10) with a grate border plate (13) suspended, or hanging, on the carrying plate (12). The piston (7) has diameter and length dimensions such that it can support and guide the grate side plate without further guiding devices. Neighboring pistons (7) are connected flexibly to each other by guiding bars (36), so that the pistons (7) can influence each other reciprocally. An upper edge of the grate side plate, particularly the grate border plate (13), has a flange (17) extending toward the oven wall. The flange (17) sealingly engages an elastical seal (19), fastened onto the oven wall.

Abstract: To detect a regulating quantity which is directly proportional to the combustion temperature, an infrared measuring device in the form of an infrared pyrometer is provided in the descending waste gas flue of an incineration plant and measures the temperature of the waste gases. The influence of radiation from the glowing fuel bed or the flame is excluded by arranging this measuring device in the descending waste gas flue. The temperature-dependent regulating quantity which is determined in this way can be used directly or indirectly to influence the combustion process. In a preferred application, the temperature-dependent regulating quantity serves to influence the supply of fuel and the speed of the combustion grate, while a regulating quantity derived from the mass flow of steam serves to influence the supply of primary air.