Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for controlling polarization state determining parameters of a polarized beam of light in an ellipsometer or polarimeter and the like system, (eg. a modulation element ellipsometer system), so that they are in ranges wherein the sensitivity, (of a sample system characterizing PSI and DELTA value monitoring detector used to measure changes in said polarization state resulting from interaction with a "composite sample system," comprised of a sample system per se. and a beam polarization state determining variable retarder, to noise and measurement errors etc. therein), is reduced. The present invention allows determining sample system per se. characterizing PSI and DELTA values, from Composite Sample System characterizing PSI and DELTA values, by compensating for the presence of present invention components, (VR1) and/or VR2), added to an ellipsometer or polarimeter and the like system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dispersive optics system, in the context of sample substrate system investigating spectroscopic reflectometer and the like systems, which, in use, produce a plurality of "Orders" of essentially single wavelength beams of light from a polychromatic beam of light. In use the availability of more than one "Order" of essentially single wavelength beams of light allows simultaneous measurement of more essentially single wavelength beams of light, over a larger range, than would be possible were only one "Order" of essentially single wavelength beams of light present. Filters are present to reduce the effects of stray light on detector elements and to allow separating the wavelengths in overlapping regions of adjacent Orders. Also disclosed is a quadrant detector means of dispersive optics alignment, and a compensator means for reducing the effect of detector element polarization state dependence.

Abstract: The present invention is applicable generally to Spectroscopic Rotatable and Rotating Element Ellipsometers which utilize a relatively large range of wavelengths. Disclosed is a system and method for controlling the polarization state of a polarized beam of light so that it is in a range where the sensitivity of a Polarization State Detector used to measure changes in said polarized beam of light resulting from interaction with a Sample System, to noise and measurement errors etc., is reduced. Exemplified is a system, and method of use, for simultaneously setting both measured ellipsometric ALPHA, and ellipsometric BETA parameter values, (or equivalents), within ranges, in which ranges the sensitivity of transfer functions, and mathematical regressions which utilize said ellipsometric ALPHA and ellipsometric BETA values in the calculation of sample system characterizing PSI and DELTA constant values, to noise and errors in measurement etc., is found to be negligible.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electromagnetic beam directing means for use with sample analysis systems, such as reflectometers, ellipsometers and polarimeters and the like, use of which facilitates investigation of sample systems which are not mounted to a sample analysis system sample system supporting stage. The present invention eliminates the requirement of extensive sample analysis system component realignment when alternatingly performing analysis of sample systems mounted upon, and mounted other than upon, a sample analysis system sample system supporting stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dispersive optics system, in the context of ellipsometer or polarimeter and the like systems, which, in use, produces a plurality of "Orders" of essentially single wavelength beams of light from a polychromatic beam of light. In use the availability of more than one "Order" of essentially single wavelength beams of light allows simultaneous measurement of more essentially single wavelength beams of light than would be possible were only one "Order" of essentially single wavelength beams of light present. Filters are present to reduce the effects of stray light on detector elements and to allow separating the wavelengths in overlapping regions of adjacent Orders.

Abstract: In an ellipsometer, a phase-modulated, polarized light beam is applied to a sample, electrical signals are obtained representing the orthogonal planes of polarization of the light after it has interacted with the sample and the constants of the sample are calculated from the two resulting electrical signals. The phase modulation is sufficiently small so that the calibration errors are negligible. For this purpose, the phase modulator, phase modulates the light within a range of no more than ten degrees peak to peak. The two electrical signals are expanded by Fourier analysis and the coefficients thereof utilized to calculate psi and delta.

Abstract: A method of, and system for, applying light beam producing systems such as ellipsometers, polarimeters, polarized light reflectance and functionally similar systems, such that a beam of light produced thereby is caused to be incident upon a process element at an angle in excess of an associated Brewster angle while enabling the production of a signal sufficiently sensitive to changes in process element parameters, for use in "real-time" process element process monitoring and control, is disclosed. In addition a process element processing system and electron beam producing system and light beam producing system combination system is taught, wherein the electron beam producing and light beam producing systems are mounted to the process element processing system, (typically a (MBE) system), by input and output interface systems present at a location appropriate for conventional Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) systems.

Abstract: An ellipsometer system which includes a pivotal dispersive optics positioned to receive polychromatic light from an analyzer thereof, without further focusing after reflection from a substrate system, is presented. In addition, a rotating compensator, positioned between the analyzer and the dispersive optics, which serves to reduce detector element polarization dependent sensitivity to light entering thereto after it interacts with the dispersive optics, is disclosed. The method of the present invention can include application of mathematical correction factors to, for instance, substrate system characterizing PSI and DELTA values, or Fourier ALPHA and BETA coefficients.

Abstract: An ellipsometer system which includes a pivotal dispersive optics positioned to receive polychromatic light from an analyzer thereof, without further focusing after reflection from a substrate system, is presented. In addition, a stationary compensator, positioned between an analyzer and the dispersive optics, which serves to reduce detector element polarization dependent sensitivity to light entering thereto after it interacts with the dispersive optics, is disclosed. The use of a light fiber to carry light from a source thereof, to a polarization state generator, is also disclosed. The method of the present invention can include application of mathematical correction factors to, for instance, substrate system characterizing PSI and DELTA values, or Fourier ALPHA and BETA coefficients.

Abstract: In an ellipsometer, a phase-modulated, polarized light beam is applied to a sample, electrical signals are obtained representing the orthogonal planes of polarization of the light after it has interacted with the sample and the constants of the sample are calculated from the two resulting electrical signals. The phase modulation is sufficiently small so that the calibration errors are negligible. For this purpose, the phase modulator phase modulates the light within a range of no more than ten degrees modulations peak to peak. The two electrical signals are expanded by Fourier analysis and the coefficients thereof utilized to calculate psi and delta.

Abstract: To sense characteristics of a sample, an ellipsometer includes a pivotal diffraction grating positioned to receive white light from the analyzer without further focusing of the light after the light leaves the sample. The diffraction grating is focused on the sensor at a predetermined angle with a precision of at least plus or minus one-half degree using an alignment-sensing means positioned between the analyzer and diffraction grating. The sensor includes an aperture through which the incident beam of light is transmitted, light-sensitive areas on opposite sides of said sensor and a comparator for comparing the signal from said light-sensitive areas. Equality of the light from the light-sensitive areas indicates that the incident beam of light is perpendicular to the diffraction grating.

Abstract: Atomic hydrogen, for use as a fuel or as an explosive, is stored in the presence of a strong magnetic field in exfoliated layered compounds such as molybdenum disulfide or an elemental layer material such as graphite. The compound is maintained at liquid helium temperatures and the atomic hydrogen is collected on the surfaces of the layered compound which are exposed during delamination (exfoliation). The strong magnetic field and the low temperature combine to prevent the atoms of hydrogen from recombining to form molecules.

Abstract: Atomic hydrogen, for use as a fuel or as an explosive, is stored in the presence of a strong magnetic field in exfoliated layered compounds such as molybdenum disulfide or an elemental layer material such as graphite. The compound is maintained at liquid temperatures and the atomic hydrogen is collected on the surfaces of the layered compound which are exposed during delamination (exfoliation). The strong magnetic field and the low temperature combine to prevent the atoms of hydrogen from recombining to form molecules.

Abstract: Atomic hydrogen, for use as a fuel or as an explosive, is stored in the presence of a strong magnetic field in exfoliated layered compounds such as molybdenum disulfide or an elemental layer material such as graphite. The compound is maintained at liquid helium temperatures and the atomic hydrogen is collected on the surfaces of the layered compound which are exposed during delamination (exfoliation). The strong magnetic field and the low temperature combine to prevent the atoms of hydrogen from recombining to form molecules.