Abstract: An integrated linear parallel hybrid engine is described. Embodiments of the integrated parallel hybrid engine can include, but are not limited to, a linear electric motor integrated into an internal combustion engine. The integrated linear parallel engine can include a plurality of pistons each having magnetic properties, a plurality of electromagnets, a power supply, and an internal combustion engine. The magnetic pistons can be implemented to act as normal pistons in the internal combustion engine and to act as rotors for the linear electric motor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing levulinic acid from fungal biomass are disclosed. In one implementation, a method for distilling levulinic acid from a glucosamine-containing feedstock is disclosed that yields a relatively pure (e.g., 90% or greater) levulinic acid product from an otherwise problematic waste stream.

Abstract: Food products containing at least two components are provided. These products have at least one baked component and at least one non-baked component. The non-baked component contains either GLCN and/or NAG.

Abstract: Glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and ?-glucan compositions suitable for human or animal consumption or use are disclosed. The glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and ?-glucan compositions are derived from fungal biomass containing chitin. Various methods of producing glucosamine, N-Acetylglucosamine and ?-glucan compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: The disclosure provides methods of making heat-pasteurized liquids, such as beverages, that contain glucosamine, wherein glucosamine is present in the beverage during the pasteurization process. The disclosure also provides liquids, such as beverages, made by these methods, as well as methods of using the glucosamine supplemented liquids, for example to treat osteoarthritis.

Abstract: Food products and beverages which include N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) are provided, as are methods of their use and preparation. Embodiments of the supplemented food products and beverages are heated to high temperatures, such as those used in pasteurization, without significant adverse effects on taste, color, odor and/or texture.

Abstract: A highly deacetylated chitosan obtained from microbial biomass, a method of obtaining chitosan from microbial biomass, and biomass for making chitosan are disclosed. The method includes providing chitin-containing biomass; reacting the chitin-containing biomass in a caustic solution of greater than 25 percent alkali at a reaction temperature greater than 95° C. for a reaction period of at least 10 hours to convert the chitin in the biomass to chitosan; and separating the chitosan from the caustic solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing an amino sugar selected from the group consisting of N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, or a combination thereof. The method comprises culturing a yeast in a culture medium and recovering N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, or a combination thereof, wherein the yeast comprises an exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase operably linked to a promoter. The invention also provides a genetically modified yeast that produces an amino sugar selected from the group consisting of N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The invention pertains to compositions containing glucosamine and organic acids, methods of making such compositions and methods of using such compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to integrating at least two processes that use at least one acid, wherein one process utilizes an ion-exchange purification step.