Abstract: A process for the separation of at least one isomer from a mixture of isomers of a tetrahydropyran-2-one, having at least two chiral centers which comprises selective reaction of at least one isomer with a reagent catalyzed by a hydrolase enzyme whereby at least one isomer is preferentially converted into a distinct chemical species from the other isomers so that it is susceptible of separation by an appropriate chemical or physical separation process in which the tetrahydropyran-2-one is of Formula (1): ##STR1## wherein: Z is --H or a protecting group susceptible of reaction with the reagent under the influence of the enzyme; andY is formyl or protected formyl.

Abstract: A process for the separation of at least one isomer from a mixture of isomers of a tetrahydropyran-2-one, having at least two chiral centers which comprises selective reaction of at least one isomer with a reagent catalyzed by a hydrolase enzyme whereby at least one isomer is preferentially converted into a distinct chemical species from the other isomers so that it is susceptible of separation by an appropriate chemical or physical separation process in which the tetrahydropyran-2-one is of Formula (1): ##STR1## wherein: Z is --H or a protecting group susceptible of reaction with the reagent under the influence of the enzyme; andY is formyl or protected formyl.

Abstract: A process for the separation of at least one isomer from a mixture of isomers of a tetrahydropyran-2-one, having at least two chiral centres, which comprises selective reaction of at least one isomer with a reagent catalysed by a hydrolase enzyme whereby at least one isomer is preferentially converted into a distinct chemical species from the other isomers so that it is susceptible of separation by an appropriate chemical or physical separation process in which the tetrahydropyranone is of Formula (1): ##STR1## wherein: Z is --H or a protecting group susceptible of reaction with the reagent under the influence of the enzyme; andY is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl.

Abstract: The invention is a novel composition of alkylated phenyl phosphate esters comprising by weight 1% to 20% trialkylphenyl phosphate, 10% to 50% dialkylphenyl monophenyl phosphate, 15% to 60% monoalkylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and less than 2% triphenyl phosphate and a process for preparing the composition comprising passing the composition at least once through a thin film evaporator at a temperature of about 200.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. at a pressure sufficiently less than 5 kPa to evaporate about 5% to about 30% of the composition.

Abstract: A manufacturing process and composition is claimed for a composition of matter comprising sodium carbonate, sodium carbonate perhydrate, a fluorescent whitening agent and a diphosphonic acid. The process comprises incorporating the fluorescent whitening agent and diphosphonic acid into aqueous hydrogen peroxide, uniformly applying the hydrogen peroxide solution to particulate sodium carbonate to form a reaction mixture, urging water vapor from the surface of the reaction mixture and maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture between about 35.degree. C. and 80.degree. C.

Abstract: A process is provided for making halogen-substituted triaryl phosphate esters which are normally solid under ambient conditions. The process comprises reacting a halogenated phenol with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a magnesium chloride catalyst above the melting point of the desired product. After the reaction is complete the product is recovered by adding an alcohol, such as, pentanol, 2-ethyl hexanol or hexanol and cooling the resulting mixture below the melting point of the product.

Abstract: An environmentally acceptable process is provided to synthesize a 2-(alkylbenzoyl)benzoic acid suitable for synthesizing a 2-alkylanthraquinone without further purification. Usually the crude product is isolated from the reaction mixture by a succession of steps which generate a large volume of aqueous waste. The present process eliminates or decreases these wastes and produces a product of sufficient purity for synthesizing as 2-alkylanthraquinone.

Abstract: 3-(2'-chloro-3',3',3'-trifluoropropenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxy lic acid esters are prepared by dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding 3-(2',2'-dichloro-3',3',3-trifluoropropyl) compounds by reaction with an alkali metal carbonate in a polar aprotic solvent. The products are intermediates in the preparation of pyrethroid insecticides or are themselves insecticides.

Abstract: A novel crystalline modification of an enantiomeric pair of isomers of the insecticide cyhalothrin having improved handling characteristics.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of organic isocyanates in which a furoxan is heated in the presence of a vicinal diketo compound containing two adjacent keto carbonyl groups. When the furoxan ring is fused to an organic ring system di-isocyanates are produced. An adduct of the furoxan and the diketo compound may be isolated from the reaction mixture and used as a stable isocyanate precursor, for example, a "one-pot" polyurethane composition.

Abstract: 3-Halogenoethyl- or propyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid esters, which are intermediates in the preparation of synthetic pyrethroids, are prepared by the reaction of certain halogenopentenes or hexenes with a diazoacetic ester in the presence of a catalyst which is metallic copper or a copper (II) salt, a rhodium (II) salt of a carboxylic acid or a transition metal complex of certain chiral Schiff bases. By the use of the latter class of catalysts the yield of preferred cis IR isomer may be increased relative to the other possible isomers.

Abstract: 2,2-Dichloro-5-methyl-1,1,1-trifluorohex-4-ene, an intermediate in the synthesis of pyrethroid insecticides, is obtained by continuous distillation, preferably under sub-atmospheric pressure, of a mixture of 5-methyl-2,2,4-trichloro-1,1,1-trifluorohexane, dimethylformamide and lithium bromide, precipitating the chlorofluorocarbons from the distillate with water and separating the desired product from starting material by a further distillation.

Abstract: A halogenated hydrocarbon having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein Y represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or --(CF.sub.2).sub.m W, R represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.1 represents lower alkyl, X represents chlorine, bromine or iodine, W represents hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine and m is 1 or 2, is prepared by heating a compound having the general formula: ##STR2## wherein R, R.sup.1, X, Y, W and m have the meanings given above and Z represents chlorine, bromine or iodine, in a polar aprotic solvent together with an alkanolamine, optionally in the presence of a copper salt.

Abstract: Halogenated hydrocarbons of formula:RR.sup.1 C.dbd.CH--CH.sub.2 CYZQandRR.sup.1 C.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CYQ,and mixtures thereof, wherein Y is F, Cl or Br, R is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, R.sup.1 is a lower alkyl group, Z is Y or Q and Q is W(CF.sub.2).sub.m -- in which W is hydrogen, F or Cl and m is 1 or 2, and a process for their preparation which comprises heating in a polar aprotic solvent, preferably in the presence of an alkali metal halide, a halogenated hydrocarbon of formula RR.sup.1 C--CHX--CH.sub.2 CYZQ wherein R,R.sup.1,Y,Z and Q have the previously defined meanings and X is Cl, Br or I, provided that X is always Br or I when at least one of Y and Z is Br.

Abstract: Improved elastomers are made by cross-linking a polyurethane through double bonds derived from a diisocyanato bicyclo octene used together with a linear prepolymer to make the polyurethane.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of organic isocyanates in which a furoxan is heated in the presence of a vicinal diketo compound containing two adjacent keto carbonyl groups. When the furoxan ring is fused to an organic ring system di-isocyanates are produced. An adduct of the furoxan and the diketo compound may be isolated from the reaction mixture and used as a stable isocyanate precursor, for example, a "one-pot" polyurethane composition.

Abstract: Process for the modification, e.g. cross-linking, of polymers containing C.dbd.C or C.tbd.C unsaturation by reacting them with nitrile sulphides or precursors therefor. A preferred system entails mixing the polymer with a 5-R-substituted-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one and heating the mixture to a temperature at which the nitrile sulphide is generated.

Abstract: 2,4-DIISOCYANATO BICYCLO (3,3,0)-OCT-6-ENE, A NEW COMPOUND AND ITS PREPARATION AND USE ARE DISCLOSED.

Abstract: A furoxan, especially one in which the furoxan ring is fused to a strained aliphatic ring system, is heated in the presence of sulphur dioxide to give an isocyanate. The process enables furoxans, such as dicyclopentadiene furoxan, which ring-open at temperatures <180.degree. C to be converted into isocyanates. In the absence of sulphur dioxide, may be difficult to control the reaction and, in some cases, no isocyanate is obtained. Diisocyanates prepared by the process may be converted into polyurethanes by reaction with suitable hydroxylic compounds.

Abstract: 3,4-Cycloalkano furoxans are produced and are found to be useful in cross-linking of polymers.