Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display cell having an alignment film therein. The present invention also relates to a method of aligning liquid crystal molecules in a selected direction in a liquid crystal display cell. An alignment film whose film growth is oriented in the same direction is deposited on an electrode film of a liquid crystal cell. The alignment film is used to align the molecules of a liquid crystal material. The film growth sympathetically aligns the molecules of liquid crystals in the direction of the film growth. A liquid crystal display cell which has two such alignment films therein is used to form a polarizing liquid crystal display cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a series of transparent panels, the inner surface of each panel successively supporting a transparent electrode film and an alignment film which sympathetically aligns crystals of liquid crystal material into the direction of film growth. The alignment films have their directions of alignment alternately pointing in the horizontal or vertical direction. Liquid crystal material is placed between adjacent alignment films to form a series of liquid crystal display cells. A character may be formed by certain transparent electrodes in the device. To read out a selected character from the device, the liquid crystal display device is placed between a light polarizer and a light analyzer. With an even number of cells in the device, the polarizer and analyzer are crossed to produce a dark background. The crystals of the unenergized cells, having crossed alignment films in them, will rotate polarized light which is passing through them by 90.degree..

Abstract: A helical clutch spring has one end thereof fixed to a continuously rotating input member of the clutch, and some of the turns of the spring partially envelop a floating magnetic ring secured to a rotatable output member of the clutch. The input and output members are made of nonmagnetic material, and when the clutch's coil is energized, a magnetic flux path passing through the clutch spring and the magnetic ring causes the clutch spring to tighten on the magnetic ring to provide a driving connection between the input and the output members.