Abstract: A memory subsystem may be usable in an electronic system. The memory subsystem may comprise a memory controller and a plurality of memory modules coupled to the memory controller. The memory module may be isolated wherein transactions that target the isolated memory module can complete without loss of data and without accessing the isolated memory module, and while isolated, the memory module can be tested.

Abstract: A computer system includes a plurality of memory modules that contain semiconductor memory, such as DIMMs. The system includes a host/data controller that utilizes an XOR engine to store data and parity information in a striped fashion on the plurality of memory modules to create a redundant array of industry standard DIMMs (RAID). The host/data controller also interleaves data on a plurality of channels associated with each of the plurality of memory modules. The system implements error interrupt control, ECC error reporting, cartridge error power down procedures in response to command errors, storage of error information in unused segments of each DIMM, hot-pug procedure indicator and remote tagging capabilities of memory cartridges and DIMMs.

Abstract: A memory subsystem may be usable in an electronic system. The memory subsystem may comprise a memory controller and a plurality of memory modules coupled to the memory controller. The memory module may be isolated wherein transactions that target the isolated memory module can complete without loss of data and without accessing the isolated memory module, and while isolated, the memory module can be tested.

Abstract: A computer system includes a plurality of memory modules that contain semiconductor memory, such as DIMMs. The system includes a host/data controller that utilizes an XOR engine to store data and parity information in a striped fashion on the plurality of memory modules to create a redundant array of industry standard DIMMs (RAID). The host/data controller also interleaves data on a plurality of channels associated with each of the plurality of memory modules. To optimize memory bandwidth and reduce memory latency, various techniques are implemented in the present RAID system. Present techniques include providing dual memory arbiters, sorting read cycles by chip select or bank address, providing programmable upper and lower boundary registers to facilitate programmable memory mapping, and striping and interleaving memory data to provide a burst length of one.

Abstract: A computer system includes a plurality of memory modules that contain semiconductor memory, such as DIMMs. The system includes a host/data controller that utilizes an XOR engine to store data and parity information in a striped fashion on the plurality of memory modules to create a redundant array of industry standard DIMMs (RAID). The host/data controller also interleaves data on a plurality of channels associated with each of the plurality of memory modules.

Abstract: A method of performing an assay to detect and quantify changes in morphology or intracellular events in living or dead cells. The method comprises the step of presenting the cells on a surface for analysis in a single sample or array of samples and providing a means of fluorescently labelling cell structures, engulfed or associated particles or molecules contained on or within the cells. The cells are scanned with a detection system to obtain a linearseries of intensity values at intervals of 10 microns or less across each cell to produce line amplitude data in at least one emission band. A threshold algorithm is applied to determine the beginning and end of each feature on the line amplitude data, whereina feature is any perturbation from a determined background signal.

Abstract: A cap (1) for a chemical storage or reaction vessel comprising a seat for attachment, in use, to an opening of the vessel. A membrane (6) formed from a resilient material and having a slit (11) formed therein allows a substance sampling or delivery apparatus to pass therethrough in use, the membrane being positioned to slide within the seat substantially in the direction of passage of the sampling or delivery apparatus.

Abstract: A surface for a metal implant has a coarse structure of elevations and depressions, with the surface being permeated by a network of protruding ribs which form nodes and interstices or meshes having an interstice width of 2 mm to 0.4 mm, while the depressions represent sections of spherical cavities. The nodes of the ribs can protrude the furthest like mountain peaks, whereas the ribs which connect two nodes each form a lower lying saddle if the spherical cavities penetrate one another slightly. Through coating with an electrochemically resistant protective lacquer, into which holes can be shot at a predetermined spacing without damaging the metal, with a laser for example, a coarsely structured intermediary surface can be economically provided by means of electrochemical erosion which receives a fine structure through sand blasting.

Abstract: The invention shows a surface (2) for a metal implant (1) which has a coarse structure of elevations (3) and depressions (4), with the surface (2) being permeated by a network (5) of protruding ribs which form nodes (7) and interstices or meshes (8) having an interstice width of 2 mm to 0.4 mm, while the depressions represent sections of spherical cavities (11). The nodes (7) of the ribs can protrude the furthest like mountain peaks, whereas the ribs (6) which connect two nodes (7) each form a lower lying saddle (10) if the spherical cavities penetrate one another slightly. Through coating with an electrochemically resistant protective lacquer, into which holes can be shot at a predetermined spacing without damaging the metal, with a laser for example, a coarsely structured intermediary surface can be economically provided by means of electrochemical erosion which receives a fine structure through sand blasting.

Abstract: A cooling and carbonation apparatus (1) is described which has a cell (2) through which fluid to be cooled and carbonated flows. The cell (2) has first and second sidewalls (9, 15), and an outer wall (13) at least partially enclosing the first sidewall (9) of the cell (2) to form a coolant chamber on a first side of the cell. A cooling device (21), such as a Peltier device, is disposed on one side of the cell (2) in thermal connection with the cell (2), so that heat can be withdrawn from the coolant and the fluid to be cooled in a direction generally across the flow path of the fluid. A body of refrigerated coolant is maintained adjacent to the first sidewall (9) of the cell (2) thereby enhancing the cooling of the fluid. Carbon dioxide can be fed to the cell (2) and the liquid to be cooled pumped out of and back to the cell (2) to improve carbonation.