Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the composition and concentration of gases present in a gas sample by measurement of the spectrum of Raman scattered light from these gases. A diode laser illuminates the unknown gas which is contained inside a long hollow tube having a highly reflective interior wall. A laser line pass filter at an entrance aperture of the hollow tube prevents all wavelengths except specific wavelengths characteristic of the laser from entering the long hollow tube. The laser beam and Raman scattered light from the gas sample reflect inside the hollow tube from the highly reflective interior wall. A laser line rejection filter at an exit aperture of the hollow tube prevents the laser beam from exiting the hollow tube but transmits the Raman scattered light from the gas sample. A spectrograph detector or array of discrete filters and detectors detects the Raman scattered light.

Abstract: A gas analysis cell having a pressure control system eliminates pressure variations in the gas cell regardless of changes in restriction, gas viscosity and barometric pressure. Since optical alignment through the gas cell is sensitive to gas pressure, maintaining a constant pressure in the gas cell makes the system more stable.

Abstract: A gas analysis cell positioned within an optical resonant cavity in a gas analysis system is disclosed wherein the cell includes a flow of buffer gas which forms a "dam", thereby protecting the optical elements in the analysis system. The analysis cell includes an inlet for introducing a gas sample into the analysis chamber of the cell. Two buffer gas inlet ports, one on each end of the cell, are provided to introduce a flow of buffer gas which is directed past optical elements in the system adjacent the ends of the cell. Two output ports are located at the ends of the analysis chamber to remove the buffer gas and gas sample mixture. The flow of buffer gas acts to confirm the gas sample within the analysis chamber and reduce adverse effects which occur when the gas sample comes in contact with the optical elements of the system.

Abstract: In an ethylene manufacturing process in which the effluent from the cracking furnaces is provided to an acetylene reactor to therein selectively hydrogenate acetylene to ethylene, method and apparatus is provided whereby methanol is injected into the cracking furnace to produce carbon monoxide in sufficient quantities to substantially optimize the selectivity of the conversion of acetylene to ethylene in the acetylene reactors. The concentration of the carbon monoxide in the effluent flowing from the cracking furnace is utilized to manipulate the flow of methanol to the cracking furnace so as to maintain a desired concentration of carbon monoxide in the effluent flowing from the cracking furnace.

Abstract: A brace or bracket for use in a saw horse together with suitable lumber, such as two-by-four's, including spaced side and end walls in a generally box-like configuration with the bottom and top open, the end walls being upwardly convergent for conforming reception within the walls of downwardly diverging legs, the side walls having aligned openings for passage therethrough of a cross member extending between the received legs. From the open upper end of the box-like structure upstand corner pieces defining therebetween notches for receiving additional cross members. The foregoing described structure is used conjointly with a similar structure and joined thereto by a selected cross member.

Abstract: The invention relates to food products having a gelled or thickened aqueous phase, a pH value of 2.5 up to 5.0 and in the case of milk products up to the neutral range about 7.5. Applicants have found unexpected benefit in using crude pectinaceous material of which the degree of esterification is or has been reduced to less than 20%, and preferably less than 10%, as the thickening or gelling agent in such products. Gel strength measurements show that comparable gels are formed with much lower pectin concentrations when the crude material is used than when purified or extracted pectin is employed. Gel structures are better and there is an outstanding cost advantage. Products contain from 0.1 to 20% crude pectinaceous material such as comminuted citrus peel. They may contain comminuted animal or vegetable protein or fruit puree or other flavoring at a pH of 2.5 to 5.0.

Abstract: A plastic trash bag having peelably attached thereto a full length tie strip formed of another plastic material. The strip extends along an entire face of the bag in parallelism with the machine direction and is peelable from the bag as a substantially non-adhesive bearing tie strip. The plastic tie strip is "string-like" in configuration, with a length to width ratio ranging between a minimum of 50 to 1 and a maximum of 1000 to 1 but preferably about 250 to 1 so that it can be easily tied despite its length. A layer of low tack, spot patterned adhesive adheres the strip to the bag. Width to thickness is advantageously about 50 to 1. The tie strip is not heat sealed or bonded to the trash bag.