Abstract: Methods for providing an inorganic oxide coating to high aspect ratio particles containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient are described as are compositions containing such coated particles.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber to hold a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, a chemical delivery system configured to inject a reactant or precursor gas into a lower portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, and a motor to rotate a drive shaft of the paddle assembly. The lower portion of the chamber forms a half-cylinder. The paddle assembly includes a rotatable drive shaft extending through the chamber along the axial axis of the half cylinder, and a plurality of paddles extending radially from the drive shaft such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motor orbits the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft.

Abstract: A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber that has a lower portion that forms a half-cylinder and an upper portion and that holds a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in the upper portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, and a gas injection assembly that includes a vaporizer to convert a first liquid to a first reactant or precursor gas, a manifold to receive the first reactant or precursor gas from the vaporizer, and a plurality of channels leading from the manifold to a plurality of apertures located in the lower portion of the chamber.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber to hold a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, a chemical delivery system configured to inject a reactant or precursor gas into a lower portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, and a motor to rotate a drive shaft of the paddle assembly. The lower portion of the chamber forms a half-cylinder. The paddle assembly includes a rotatable drive shaft extending through the chamber along the axial axis of the half cylinder, and a plurality of paddles extending radially from the drive shaft such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motor orbits the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft.

Abstract: A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber having a lower portion that forms a half-cylinder and an upper portion to hold a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in the upper portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, a motor to rotate a drive shaft of the paddle assembly, a chemical delivery system to deliver a first fluid, and a first gas injection assembly to receive the first fluid from the chemical delivery system and having apertures configured to inject a first reactant or precursor gas into the lower portion of the chamber and such that the first reactant or precursor gas flows substantially tangent to a curved inner surface of the half-cylinder.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a rotatable reactor assembly includes a reactor drum configured to hold a plurality of particles to be coated, an inlet tube, and an outlet tube. The drum includes a cylindrical tube, and an inlet-side endplate secured to cover an inlet-side opening of the cylindrical tube and/or an outlet-side endplate secured to cover an outlet-side opening of the cylindrical tube. A stationary gas inlet line is coupled to the inlet tube by a rotary inlet seal, a stationary gas outlet line is coupled to the outlet tube by a rotary outlet seal, and a motor rotates the rotatable reactor assembly. The inlet tube is releasably mechanically secured to the inlet-side endplate and the outlet tube is releasably mechanically secured to the outlet-side endplate.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a rotatable reactor assembly including a drum configured to hold a plurality of particles to be coated, an inlet tube, and an outlet tube, a stationary gas inlet line coupled to the inlet tube by a rotary inlet seal, a stationary gas outlet line coupled to the outlet tube by a rotary outlet seal, and a motor to rotate the rotatable reactor assembly.

Abstract: A deposition system includes an isolator or fume hood and a reactor for coating particles, the reactor including a rotatable reactor assembly positioned within the isolator or fume hood and including a reactor drum configured to hold a plurality of particles to be coated, an inlet tube, and an outlet tube. The reactor drum is configured to be detached from the inlet tube and the outlet tube by an operator while the reactor drum remains within the isolator or fume hood.

Abstract: Methods for forming protective coatings on aerospace components are provided. In one or more embodiments, the method includes exposing an aerospace component to a first precursor and a first reactant to form a first deposited layer on a surface of the aerospace component by a first deposition process (e.g., CVD or ALD), and exposing the aerospace component to a second precursor and a second reactant to form a second deposited layer on the first deposited layer by a second deposition process. The first deposited layer and the second deposited layer have different compositions from each other. The method also includes repeating the first deposition process and the second deposition process to form a nanolaminate film stack having from 2 pairs to about 1,000 pairs of the first deposited layer and the second deposited layer consecutively deposited on each other.

Abstract: Methods for forming protective coatings on aerospace components are provided. In one or more embodiments, the method includes exposing an aerospace component to a first precursor and a first reactant to form a first deposited layer on a surface of the aerospace component by a first deposition process (e.g., CVD or ALD), and exposing the aerospace component to a second precursor and a second reactant to form a second deposited layer on the first deposited layer by a second deposition process. The first deposited layer and the second deposited layer have different compositions from each other. The method also includes repeating the first deposition process and the second deposition process to form a nanolaminate film stack having from 2 pairs to about 1,000 pairs of the first deposited layer and the second deposited layer consecutively deposited on each other.

Abstract: Protective coatings on an aerospace component are provided. An aerospace component includes a surface containing nickel, nickel superalloy, aluminum, chromium, iron, titanium, hafnium, alloys thereof, or any combination thereof, and a coating disposed on the surface, where the coating contains a nanolaminate film stack having two or more pairs of a first deposited layer and a second deposited layer. The first deposited layer contains chromium oxide, chromium nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, or any combination thereof, the second deposited layer contains aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, yttrium oxide, yttrium nitride, yttrium silicon nitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium nitride, hafnium silicide, hafnium silicate, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, titanium silicide, titanium silicate, or any combination thereof, and the first deposited layer and the second deposited layer have different compositions from each other.

Abstract: A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition having a drug-containing core enclosed by one or more metal oxide materials is provided. The method includes the sequential steps of (a) loading the particles comprising the drug into a reactor, (b) applying a vaporous or gaseous metal precursor to the particles in the reactor, (c) performing one or more pump-purge cycles of the reactor using inert gas, (d) applying a vaporous or gaseous oxidant to the particles in the reactor, and (e) performing one or more pump-purge cycles of the reactor using inert gas. The temperature of the particles does not exceed 35° C. This produces a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug containing core enclosed by one or more metal oxide materials.

Abstract: A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes a vacuum chamber configured to hold particles to be coated, a vacuum port to exhaust gas from the vacuum chamber via the outlet of the vacuum chamber, a chemical delivery system configured to flow a process gas into the particles via a gas inlet on the vacuum chamber, one or more vibrational actuators located on a first mounting surface of the vacuum chamber, and a controller configured to cause the one or more vibrational actuators to generate a vibrational motion in the vacuum chamber sufficient to induce a vibrational motion in the particles held within the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition having a drug-containing core enclosed by one or more metal oxide materials is provided. The method includes the sequential steps of (a) loading the particles comprising the drug into a reactor, (b) applying a vaporous or gaseous metal precursor to the particles in the reactor, (c) performing one or more pump-purge cycles of the reactor using inert gas, (d) applying a vaporous or gaseous oxidant to the particles in the reactor, and (e) performing one or more pump-purge cycles of the reactor using inert gas. The temperature of the particles does not exceed 35° C. This produces a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug containing core enclosed by one or more metal oxide materials.

Abstract: A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

Abstract: A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition having a drug-containing core enclosed by one or more silicon oxide materials is provided. The method entails alternating exposing the particles to gaseous or vaporous SiCl4 and gaseous or vaporous H2O at a reduced temperature and in the absence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A reactor for coating particles includes one or more motors, a rotary vacuum chamber configured to hold particles to be coated, wherein the rotary vacuum chamber is coupled to the motors, a controller configured to cause the motors to rotate the rotary vacuum chamber about an axial axis of the rotary vacuum chamber such that the particles undergo tumbling agitation, a vacuum port to exhaust gas from the rotary vacuum chamber, a paddle assembly including a rotatable drive shaft extending through the rotary vacuum chamber and coupled to the motors and at least one paddle extending radially from the drive shaft, such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motors orbits the paddle about the drive shaft in a second direction, and a chemical delivery system including a gas outlet on the paddle configured inject process gas into the particles.