Abstract: A leakage current detection circuit includes: a mirror circuit configured to copy a leakage current flowing through a node and generate a copy current in a copy node; an oscillation circuit including a charge storage unit, the oscillation circuit being connected to the copy node, charged with the copy current, and configured to generate an oscillation signal by charging and discharging the charge storage unit; and a calculation circuit configured to calculate an amount of the leakage current based on the oscillation signal.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a zinc-plated steel sheet. The method includes: coating a metal on the steel sheet on a steel sheet; annealing the metal coated steel sheet; and zinc plating the annealed steel sheet by dipping in a molten zinc plating bath. Further provided is a method of manufacturing a hot-press part including: coating a metal on the steel sheet on a steel sheet; annealing the metal coated steel sheet; zinc plating the annealed steel sheet by dipping in a molten zinc plating bath; heating the zinc-plated steel sheet; and press forming the heated steel sheet.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus for reusing wastewater. The method for reusing wastewater disclosed herein includes: generating a mixed wastewater by mixing multiple types of wastewater (S20); performing a first purification by passing the mixed wastewater through a flocculation-sedimentation unit (S40); performing a second purification by passing an effluent of the flocculation-sedimentation unit through a membrane bioreactor (MBR) (S60); performing a third purification by passing an effluent of the MBR through a reverse-osmosis membrane unit (S80); and reusing an effluent of the reverse-osmosis membrane unit as cooling water or industrial water (S100).

Abstract: Provided is a novel compound capable of improving the luminous efficiency, stability and life span of a device, an organic electric element using the same, and an electronic device thereof.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fine grained pure titanium having an equiaxed microstructure (a microstructure with an aspect ratio (i.e., the length of a major axis/the length of a minor axis fraction ratio) is less than 3) of 90% or more and an average grain size of 15 ?m or less, and a manufacturing method for the same.

Abstract: A compound represented by Formula (1): wherein X is a group having a valency of r; each R1 is independently an organic group comprising an acid-labile group; m is an integer greater than or equal to 1; k is an integer from 1 to 5; and r is an integer from 2 to 10, wherein the compound is non-polymeric, and wherein Ar1, L1, L2, R2, and R3 are as defined herein.

Abstract: A photoactive compound of formula (1a) or (1b): wherein R1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl comprising an aromatic ring heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, or a combination thereof; R2 and R3 are as provided herein; R4 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-30 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 heteroaryl; and M+ is an organic cation.

Abstract: A photoresist composition, comprising: a first polymer comprising: a first repeating unit comprising a hydroxyaryl group; a second repeating unit comprising a first acid-labile group; and a third repeating unit comprising a first base-soluble group having a pKa of 12 or less, and not comprising a hydroxyaryl group; wherein the first, second, and third repeating units of the first polymer are different from each other, and the first polymer is free of lactone groups; a second polymer comprising: a first repeating unit comprising a second acid-labile group, a second repeating unit comprising a lactone group, and a third repeating unit comprising a second base-soluble group having a pKa of 12 or less; wherein the first, second, and third repeating units of the second polymer are structurally different from each other; and a solvent, wherein the first polymer and the second polymer are different from each other.

Abstract: A compound comprising an aromatic group or a heteroaromatic group, wherein the aromatic group or the heteroaromatic group comprises a first substituent group comprising an ethylenically unsaturated double bond, a second substituent group that is an iodine atom, and a third substituent group comprising an acid-labile group, wherein the first substituent group, the second substituent group, and the third substituent group are each bonded to a different carbon atom of the aromatic group or the heteroaromatic group.

Abstract: A photoresist composition comprising a polymer, a photoacid generator, an additive comprising a tertiary carbon atom as a ring-forming atom of a lactone ring, and a solvent.

Abstract: Provided is an optoelectronic device comprising an optoelectronic element and circuitry connected to the optoelectronic element, wherein the optoelectronic element comprises plural quantum dots or plural nanorods, and wherein the circuitry is configured to be capable of switching the optoelectronic element between a configuration in which the circuitry provides an effective forward bias voltage that causes the optoelectronic element to emit light and a configuration in which the circuitry provides an effective reverse bias voltage that causes the optoelectronic element to be capable of generating a photocurrent when light to which the optoelectronic element is sensitive strikes the optoelectronic element.

Abstract: A polymer comprising a first repeating unit derived from a monomer comprising a hydroxy-aryl group; a second repeating unit derived from a monomer comprising a hydroxy-aryl group protected with an acetal or ketal group; a third repeating unit derived from a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising a cycloaliphatic group; and a fourth repeating unit derived from a monomer comprising an acid-sensitive group, wherein the first, the second, the third, and the fourth repeating units are different from each other.

Abstract: A polymer comprising: a first repeating unit comprising a tertiary ester acid labile group; and a second repeating unit of Formula (1): wherein R1 to R5 are as provided herein; R2 and R3 together do not form a ring; each A is independently a halogen, a carboxylic acid or ester, a thiol, a straight chain or branched C1-20 alkyl, a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-20 cycloalkyl, a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-20 fluorocycloalkenyl, a monocyclic or polycyclic C3-20 heterocycloalkyl, a monocyclic or polycyclic C6-20 aryl, or a monocyclic or polycyclic C4-20 heteroaryl, each of which is substituted or unsubstituted; and m is an integer of 0 to 4.

Abstract: Provided is a method of creating an image on an array of optoelectronic elements comprising (a) providing a device comprising an array of optoelectronic elements and circuitry connected to each optoelectronic element, wherein the optoelectronic element comprises plural quantum dots or plural nanorods, and wherein the circuitry is configured to be capable of switching each optoelectronic element independently between an effective forward bias configuration and a reverse-bias configuration, (b) imposing an effective reverse bias on two or more of the optoelectronic elements, (c) providing circuitry that will detect the onset of photocurrent from an individual effective reverse biased optoelectronic element and that will respond to the photocurrent by changing the bias on the individual optoelectronic element to an effective forward bias.

Abstract: Provided is a device comprising a light-emitting optoelectronic element and a photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element, wherein the device further comprises an opaque element that prevents light emitted by the light-emitting optoelectronic element from reaching the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element via a pathway within the device.

Abstract: A photoresist composition, including a polymer having a C6-30 hydroxyaromatic group, a solvent, and a sulfonium salt having Formula (I): wherein, in Formula (I), R, R1 to R8, X, n, and Rf are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: A photoresist composition, including a polymer having a C6-30 hydroxyaromatic group, a solvent, and a sulfonium salt having Formula (I): wherein, in Formula (I), R, R1 to R8, X, n, and Rf are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: Methods of forming an electronic device, comprise: (a) providing a semiconductor substrate comprising one or more layers to be patterned; (b) forming a photoresist layer over the one or more layers to be patterned, wherein the photoresist layer is formed from a composition that comprises: a matrix polymer comprising a unit having an acid labile group; a photoacid generator; and an organic solvent; (c) coating a photoresist overcoat composition over the photoresist layer, wherein the overcoat composition comprises: a matrix polymer; an additive polymer; a basic quencher; and an organic solvent; wherein the additive polymer has a lower surface energy than a surface energy of the matrix polymer, and wherein the additive polymer is present in the overcoat composition in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt % based on total solids of the overcoat composition; (d) exposing the photoresist layer to activating radiation; (e) heating the substrate in a post-exposure bake process; and (f) developing the exposed film with an or

Abstract: Provided is an optoelectronic device comprising an optoelectronic element and circuitry connected to the optoelectronic element, wherein the optoelectronic element comprises plural quantum dots or plural nanorods, and wherein the circuitry is configured to be capable of switching the optoelectronic element between a configuration in which the circuitry provides an effective forward bias voltage that causes the optoelectronic element to emit light and a configuration in which the circuitry provides an effective reverse bias voltage that causes the optoelectronic element to be capable of generating a photocurrent when light to which the optoelectronic element is sensitive strikes the optoelectronic element.

Abstract: Provided is a method of creating an image on an array of optoelectronic elements comprising (a) providing a device comprising an array of optoelectronic elements and circuitry connected to each optoelectronic element, wherein the optoelectronic element comprises plural quantum dots or plural nanorods, and wherein the circuitry is configured to be capable of switching each optoelectronic element independently between an effective forward bias configuration and a reverse-bias configuration, (b) imposing an effective reverse bias on two or more of the optoelectronic elements, (c) providing circuitry that will detect the onset of photocurrent from an individual effective reverse biased optoelectronic element and that will respond to the photocurrent by changing the bias on the individual optoelectronic element to an effective forward bias.