Abstract: A mask substrate that includes a first area and a second area surrounding the first area is provided. Then, a laser beam is irradiated on the mask substrate to at least partly remove a material of the second area. After that, a physical force is applied to the mask substrate to separate the first area from the mask substrate thereby forming an opening through the mask substrate.

Abstract: A mask manufacturing apparatus includes a chamber, a laser beam irradiator, a stage, a cooling system, and a fan. The chamber provides an interior space therein. At least an upper wall of the chamber comprises a glass. The laser beam irradiator is disposed outside the chamber and configured to divide a laser beam into a plurality of sub-laser beams to irradiate the sub-laser beams onto a shadow mask material. The stage is disposed in the chamber and the shadow mask material is placed on the stage. The cooling system is configured cool the interior space. The fan configured to discharge heat generated in the interior space of the chamber to the outside of the chamber. Therefore, the shadow mask may be protected from overheating.

Abstract: A method for efficiently processing traffic in an intermediate access point such as a relay station is disclosed. To process traffic directed from one or more terminals to a base station, an intermediate access point supporting two or more communication scheme receives traffic from the one or more terminals according to a first communication scheme, measures a congestion level of the received traffic, transmits a first traffic being part of the received traffic to a second intermediate access point according to a second communication scheme, if the congestion level is equal to or higher than a predetermined threshold, and transmits a second traffic being remaining traffic of the received traffic except the first traffic to the BS.

Abstract: A mask manufacturing apparatus includes a laser irradiator, a stage, a frame, and a heat spreader sheet. The laser irradiator divides a laser beam into a plurality of sub-laser beams and irradiates the sub-laser beams to a shadow mask material which is placed over a stage. The frame is disposed over the stage to support the shadow mask material. The heat spreader sheet makes contact with the shadow mask material, absorbs heat generated from the shadow mask material, and dissipates the heat to surroundings of the shadow mask material. Accordingly, the shadow mask material is protected from overheating.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus capable of enhancing a closed loop multi-input multi-output (MIMO) capacity through distributed discrete power control in the case of cooperatively transmitting information to multiple users through a downlink.

Abstract: In the MS apparatus for performing scheduling, a reception module receives any number information through a specific downlink channel in a first time unit from each of neighbor BSs. A scheduling module determines, among the neighbor BSs, a BS which is to transmit and receive data using a downlink data transmission region and an uplink data reception region, respectively, in a second time unit according to a previously set rule based on the number information. A transmission module transmits a signal, indicating that data transmission and reception using the downlink transmission region and uplink data reception region, respectively, in the second time unit are not possible, to the other neighbor BSs excluding the determined BS among the neighbor BSs.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a packet, at a MS and base station operable using multiple communication schemes is disclosed. The base station of the multiple communication schemes receives a packet from the MS and then determines a transmission path based on a link status of a network, a traffic characteristic of the packet and the like. The base station transmits the packet of the first communication scheme via a network using a second communication scheme, thereby enabling traffic redirection. Such a resource as a frequency band and the like, which will be used between networks using different communication schemes, can be cooperatively set between the MS and the base station.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for determining a frame structure for reducing interference between users using the same frequency band in a communication system using a cognitive radio, the method including, collecting channel status information related to a primary user with a priority to occupancy of a predetermined frequency band, executing spectrum sensing for the frequency band to check whether the primary user's traffic exists, deciding a length of a data frame to be transmitted in consideration of interference to the primary user based upon the collected channel status information if a channel in which the primary user's traffic is not present is sensed through the spectrum sensing, constructing a data frame based upon the decided frame length to transmit via the sensed channel, and re-executing the spectrum sensing for the channel, if data to be additionally transmitted exists, and rechecking whether the primary user's traffic is present.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for receiving data in a Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) system, the method comprising: decoding data transmitted from a transmitter by using one beam-forming vector included in a codebook that beam-forming vectors are formed in a hierarchical structure according to at least one of change directions of radio channels, the number of channel change directions, and a change rate; determining whether to update the beam-forming vector based on the radio channel changes; selecting other beam-forming vector included in the codebook having a hierarchical structure when it is determined that update for the beam-forming vector is required; feed-backing information about an index indicating where the selected beam-forming vector is located in the hierarchical structure of the codebook to the transmitter; and decoding data received from the transmitter by using the selected beam-forming vector.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor package, a semiconductor memory module including the semiconductor package, and a system including the semiconductor memory module. The semiconductor package may include a plurality of main terminals arranged on a surface of the semiconductor package with constant intervals, and the plurality of main terminals may include terminals of a first set including a plurality of input/output terminals to which test signals may be input, and terminals of a second set including a plurality of input/output terminals to/from which signals other than the test signals may be input/output.

Abstract: A method for selecting a relay station includes enabling a cognitive radio system to receive status information regarding a plurality of candidate relay stations, licensed target stations, and non-licensed target stations, determining an available power threshold value in consideration of the amount of interference affecting the licensed target station and a maximum power value when data is transmitted to the non-licensed target station, and selecting a relay station to be used in transmitting the data in the available power threshold value, in consideration of the status information and the amount of interference.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for data communication in a radio network, including calculating an expected value of transmission efficiency of a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol and an expected value of transmission efficiency of a Slotted ALOHA protocol, comparing the two expected values, switching a mode into the mode of the protocol having the larger expected value from among the expected value of transmission efficiency of the CSMA/CA protocol and the expected value of transmission efficiency of Slotted ALOHA protocol, and broadcasting, to stations (STAs), a message for indicating the STAs to switch a protocol into the protocol having the larger expected value of transmission efficiency, and transmitting data by using the protocol having the larger expected value of transmission efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating a UE and a BS to perform contention-based scheduling of downlink signal transmissions are disclosed. The method includes receiving, from at least one of BSs adjacent to the UE, a channel carrying inter-BS contention information for downlink signal transmission in an (n+1)th time unit, n being an integer, broadcasting to the BSs a contention number with a highest priority level among contention numbers extracted from the inter-BS contention information, and receiving a downlink signal from a BS that transmitted inter-BS contention information related to the contention number with the highest priority level in the (n+1)th time unit.

Abstract: A test mode control circuit is provided to strictly allow entry into a test mode or prevent a boot failure from occurring during a boot operation for a built-in parallel bit test. The test mode control circuit includes a latch, a real entry signal detector, an entry determinator, and a mode control signal generator. When a real entry signal is detected, the entry signal determinator generates an entry determination signal and a test mode control signal is obtained from the mode control signal generator.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device having a hidden cell located separate from data storage cells, and a method of effectively managing an erase count of the non-volatile memory device. The method includes preparing the non-volatile memory device that includes a hidden cell located separate from data storage cells and is not accessible to users of the data storage cells, and increasing an erase count stored in an erase count storing region of the hidden cell corresponding to at least one erased data storage cell when the at least one data storage cell is erased.

Abstract: A relay station, method and system operated in a frequency division duplex (FDD) are disclosed. The relay station is operated in a band switching FDD mode and/or a dual band transmit (Tx)/receive (Rx) mode. In the band switching FDD mode, Tx frequency and Rx frequency are switched. In the dual band Tx/Rx mode, concurrent transmission or concurrent reception is achieved in the Tx frequency and Rx frequency.

Abstract: A method of transmitting reference signals in a wireless communication system for cooperative communication is provided. The wireless communication system defines a plurality of transmission patterns of the reference signals each having a different pattern, and each of a plurality of base stations and/or each of a base station and a relay station participating in the cooperative communication transmit the reference signals based on one transmission pattern selected from the plurality of transmission patterns of the reference signals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for arbitrating radio resources between femto base stations in which, when handover of a terminal takes place between femto base stations, the handover is carried out by reallocating radio resources of a serving femto base station assigned to the terminal to a target femto base station, to rearbitrate the radio resources and reduce the time required for rearbitration, thereby enhancing communication effectiveness.

Abstract: The method for scheduling, at an MS, data transmission and reception of neighbor BSs adjacent to the MS in a wireless communication system includes receiving number information through a specific downlink channel in a first time unit from each of the neighbor BSs, determining, among the neighbor BSs, a BS which is to transmit and receive data in a second time unit, in a predefined rule, according to the number information and fairness information based on one or more of a number of MSs within a cell served by each of the neighbor BSs and a number of time units that each of the neighbor BSs used previously for data transmission and reception, and transmitting a signal indicating that data transmission and reception in the second time unit are not possible, to the other neighbor BSs excluding the determined BS among the neighbor BSs.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and device for cooperatively sending and receiving power wirelessly. Wireless power charging coverage at the level of data signal transmission can be ensured by establishing one or more modes for transmitting, to a specific terminal, a power transmission signal from any of a plurality of nodes which is (are) not engaged in data transmission, and by matching the phase synchronization of the power transmission signal between the one or more nodes and then transmitting, to the specific terminal, a power transmission signal of which the phase synchronization has been matched by means of the one or more modes.