Abstract: A method for manufacturing an epitaxial silicon wafer enables to lower carbon concentration in an epitaxial film. The method forming an epitaxial silicon wafer where an epitaxial film is formed on a silicon wafer in a reaction chamber including a wafer-holding susceptor that separates an upper and lower space communicating through a predetermined gap includes steps of forming a flow of a processing gas flowing laterally along an upper surface of the wafer in the upper space and a flow of a main purging gas flowing towards the susceptor upwardly in the lower space being formed simultaneously, setting a flow rate ratio of the main purging gas flow rate to the processing gas flow rate to be 1.0/100 to 1.5/100 where the processing gas flow rate is set as 100, and controlling a pressure in the upper space to be within an atmospheric pressure ±0.2 kPa at least.

Abstract: Provided is an optical module comprising a substrate, a holder, and a spacer. An optical waveguide is formed in/on the substrate and end parts thereof are protruding from one surface of the substrate. The holder holds an optical fiber and exposes one end part of the optical fiber in such a manner that the one end part of the optical fiber can be optically connected to the end parts of the optical waveguide at a side of one surface of the holder. The spacer is held the one surface of the substrate and the one surface of the holder.

Abstract: A complex (10) includes a liquid crystal component (13) and a support (11, 12) of the liquid crystal component (13), in which a lubricating interface derivation region (16) is formed between the liquid crystal component (13) and the support (11, 12). An optical element includes a pair of substrates (11, 12) having electrodes (18, 19) on at least one substrate (11), and a liquid crystal component (13) with which a space between the pair of substrates (11, 12) is filled, in which a lubricating interface derivation region (16) is formed between the pair of substrates (11, 12) and the liquid crystal component (13). It is preferable that the lubricating interface deriving agent (14) is present in the lubricating interface derivation region.

Abstract: An electrochromic element, which includes a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the electrodes. The electrochromic layer contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials. All of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.

Abstract: An electrochromic device including an electrochromic element with a complementary electrochromic layer containing an anodic organic electrochromic material and a cathodic organic electrochromic material, an optical density detection unit to detect the optical density of the electrochromic element, a temperature detection unit to detect the temperature of the electrochromic element, and a voltage supply unit to supply a drive voltage to the electrochromic element, the voltage supply unit being configured to apply a voltage of an opposite polarity to the electrochromic element based on the optical density of the electrochromic element detected by the optical density detection unit, and/or the temperature of the electrochromic element detected by the temperature detection unit, when the electrochromic element is to be decolored from a current optical density to a next target optical density.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an epitaxial silicon wafer enables to lower carbon concentration in an epitaxial film. The method forming an epitaxial silicon wafer where an epitaxial film is formed on a silicon wafer in a reaction chamber including a wafer-holding susceptor that separates an upper and lower space communicating through a predetermined gap includes steps of forming a flow of a processing gas flowing laterally along an upper surface of the wafer in the upper space and a flow of a main purging gas flowing towards the susceptor upwardly in the lower space being formed simultaneously, setting a flow rate ratio of the main purging gas flow rate to the processing gas flow rate to be 1.0/100 to 1.5/100 where the processing gas flow rate is set as 100, and controlling a pressure in the upper space to be within an atmospheric pressure ±0.2 kPa at least.

Abstract: An electrochromic apparatus comprises an electrochromic device and a drive unit operating for normal drive and heating drive of the electrochromic device. The electrochromic device comprises a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer including at least an electrochromic material and a solvent. Each of the paired electrodes has at least a pair of power supply sections on a surface thereof. The pair of power supply sections include a first power supply section and a second power supply section arranged oppositely relative to the first power supply section on the surface. The drive unit operates for the heating drive such that the electrochromic layer is heated by applying an alternating voltage between the pair of power supply sections of each of the paired electrodes so as to put any oppositely disposed positions of the paired electrodes in phase with each other.

Abstract: A driver for an electrochromic element is configured to adjust the transmittance of a solution-type electrochromic element to allow the element to display a tone. The element has a pair of electrodes and at least one organic electrochromic material mixed between the electrodes. The driver has an adjusting controller configured to adjust the transmittance of the element. The adjusting controller has controller A and controller B. Controller A is configured to saturate a change in the transmittance of the element to an initial state by applying the voltage which resets the element to the initial state. Controller B is configured to control the tone of the element by applying the voltage which adjusts the transmittance of the element following controller A.

Abstract: An electrochromic device includes an electrochromic element 110 including an anode electrode 2a, a cathode electrode 2b, and an electrochromic layer 4, and drive means 120 connected to the electrochromic element. The electrochromic element 110 includes a plurality of anode terminals (A1, A2) electrically connected to the anode electrode 2a, and a plurality of cathode terminals (C1, C2) electrically connected to the cathode electrode 2b, and each of the anode terminals constitutes a terminal pair in combination with one of the cathode terminals. At least part of a first application period in which the drive means 120 applies a voltage to a first terminal pair that is one of the terminal pairs and at least part of a second application period in which the drive means 120 applies a voltage to a second terminal pair that is another one of the terminal pairs are not overlapped with each other.

Abstract: An organic compound represented by General Formula (1), in which, in General Formula (1), R1 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, X1 and X2 are each independently selected from an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, and A1? and A2? each independently represent a monovalent anion.

Abstract: An electrochromic element, which includes a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the electrodes. The electrochromic layer contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials. All of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.

Abstract: An organic compound is represented by general formula (1) below: where X1 and X2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group; R11 to R16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, and a halogen atom; R21 and R22 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group; and A1? and A2? each independently represent a monovalent anion.

Abstract: An electrochromic element, includes: a pair of electrodes (3, 5); and an electrochromic layer (7) disposed between the pair of electrodes (3, 5), the electrochromic element being controlled in transmittance by pulse width modulation, in which: the electrochromic layer (7) contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials; and all of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.

Abstract: An electrochromic apparatus comprises an electrochromic device and a drive unit operating for normal drive and heating drive of the electrochromic device. The electrochromic device comprises a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer including at least an electrochromic material and a solvent. Each of the paired electrodes has at least a pair of power supply sections on a surface thereof. The pair of power supply sections include a first power supply section and a second power supply section arranged oppositely relative to the first power supply section on the surface. The drive unit operates for the heating drive such that the electrochromic layer is heated by applying an alternating voltage between the pair of power supply sections of each of the paired electrodes so as to put any oppositely disposed positions of the paired electrodes in phase with each other.

Abstract: A driver for an electrochromic element is configured to adjust the transmittance of a solution-type electrochromic element to allow the element to display a tone. The element has a pair of electrodes and at least one organic electrochromic material mixed between the electrodes. The driver has an adjusting controller configured to adjust the transmittance of the element. The adjusting controller has controller A and controller B. Controller A is configured to saturate a change in the transmittance of the element to an initial state by applying the voltage which resets the element to the initial state. Controller B is configured to control the tone of the element by applying the voltage which adjusts the transmittance of the element following controller A.

Abstract: An electrochromic device of the present disclosure includes an electrochromic element including an anode, a cathode, and an electrochromic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode and a drive device connected to the electrochromic element. In the electrochromic device described above, the anode and the cathode include a plurality of pairs of electricity feeding portions, the pairs of electricity feeding portions are disposed so that straight lines which are drawn to pass through the pairs of electricity feeding portions are intersected with each other, and the drive device supplies different drive signals to the pairs of electricity feeding portions.

Abstract: An electrochromic composition has an anodic electrochromic compound and a cathodic electrochromic compound, in which the anodic electrochromic compound is represented by General Formula [1] and the cathodic electrochromic compound is represented by General Formula [2] In General Formula 1, A1 to A4 represent substituents, R1 and R2, and R20 and R21 represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. n is an integer of 1 to 5. X represents a thiophene derivative and Y- represents an anion.

Abstract: A driver for an electrochromic element is configured to adjust the transmittance of a solution-type electrochromic element to allow the element to display a tone. The element has a pair of electrodes and at least one organic electrochromic material mixed between the electrodes. The driver has an adjusting controller configured to adjust the transmittance of the element. The adjusting controller has controller A and controller B. Controller A is configured to saturate a change in the transmittance of the element to an initial state by applying the voltage which resets the element to the initial state. Controller B is configured to control the tone of the element by applying the voltage which adjusts the transmittance of the element following controller A.

Abstract: A reformer includes a reforming chamber having a raw fuel passage through which a raw fuel flows, the reforming chamber being filled with or carrying a reforming catalyst, a supply chamber disposed upstream of the reforming chamber, for uniformly supplying the raw fuel to the raw fuel passage, and a discharge chamber disposed downstream of the reforming chamber, for uniformly discharging the raw fuel from the raw fuel passage. The raw fuel passage has first and second reversers for reversing the direction in which the raw fuel flows. The raw fuel passage has a cross-sectional area which is smaller in a downstream portion thereof than in an upstream portion thereof.

Abstract: An electrochromic element, includes: a pair of electrodes (3, 5); and an electrochromic layer (7) disposed between the pair of electrodes (3, 5), the electrochromic element being controlled in transmittance by pulse width modulation, in which: the electrochromic layer (7) contains at least one of two or more kinds of anode electrochromic materials, or two or more kinds of cathode electrochromic materials; and all of one of the anode electrochromic materials and the cathode electrochromic materials have an equal molecular length, or have a molecular length ratio of (large molecular length)/(small molecular length) of 1.4 or less, the electrochromic element being such that even when a driving environment temperature changes, its gradation can be controlled under a state in which its absorption spectrum is retained.