Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor structure having a first wire extending in a first direction, an intermetallic insulating layer covering the semiconductor structure, a via structure penetrating the intermetallic insulating layer, and a second wire extending on the intermetallic insulating layer in a second direction at a predetermined angle with respect to the first direction, the second wire being connected to the first wire through the via structure and including first and second portions on each other, and a protruding portion protruding from at least one of the first and second portions, the protruding portion being at a boundary of the first and second portions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an imine having no substituent group on the nitrogen by using, as a catalyst, a metal complex on an organic azide compound, and more specifically relates to a method in which a metal-complex catalyst is used to produce, from an organic azide having an alpha-hydrogen, an imine having no substituent group on the nitrogen via a continuous nitrogen removal and 1,2-hydrogen transfer reaction. The imine having no substituent group on the nitrogen manufactured by means of the method of the present invention can synthesise diverse coupling products comprising amine compounds by means of reactions with diverse nucleophiles.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a bit line structure located on a semiconductor substrate, an outer bit line spacer located on a first side surface of the bit line structure, an inner bit line spacer including a first part located between the bit line structure and the outer bit line spacer and a second part located between the semiconductor substrate and the outer bit line spacer, and a block bit line spacer located between the outer bit line spacer and the second part of the inner bit line spacer. A first air-gap is defined by the outer bit line spacer, the inner bit line spacer, and the block bit line spacer.

Abstract: In a method of forming a wiring structure, a carbon-containing layer may be formed on a substrate. A conductive layer may be formed on the carbon-containing layer, and the conductive layer may be formed to include a metal. The conductive layer and an upper portion of the carbon-containing layer may be etched to form a wiring and a carbon-containing layer pattern, respectively.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor structure having a first wire extending in a first direction, an intermetallic insulating layer covering the semiconductor structure, a via structure penetrating the intermetallic insulating layer, and a second wire extending on the intermetallic insulating layer in a second direction at a predetermined angle with respect to the first direction, the second wire being connected to the first wire through the via structure and including first and second portions on each other, and a protruding portion protruding from at least one of the first and second portions, the protruding portion being at a boundary of the first and second portions.

Abstract: A vertical handover method in a heterogeneous overlay network communication system is provided. A vertical handover method for an overlay communication system including a plurality of base stations each serving at least one communication network technology to a mobile terminal includes determining whether a mobile terminal is located in a measurement region with reference to a vertical handover map in relation to a serving base station; detecting reachable base stations by activating all network interfaces when the mobile terminal locates in a measurement region; selecting one of the reachable base stations as a handover target base station; determining if the mobile terminal is located in a handover region with reference to the vertical handover map; and performing a handover if the mobile terminal is located in a handover region.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the perforation of the skins or hulls of food pieces to more efficiently produce a dried, shelf-stable product. The apparatus contains two parallel and adjacent blade wheels positioned longitudinally within a frame in substantially the same horizontal plane at a distance from each other such that the blades' teeth contact product passing between the blade wheels and make perforations. Each blade wheel comprises a plurality of circular blades with a plurality of teeth around the circumference mounted on a rotatable shaft. In one aspect, a guard is provided for each blade wheel to ensure that no product remains on the blades after perforation. The shape, size and number of blades and the distance between the blade wheels may be modified with respect to the size and shape of the product and the strength of the product's skin or hull.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting a control signal using a symbol or bit pattern of an existing pilot channel, instead of using the time multiplexing method in the separate code channel or the existing physical channel, and reducing an error rate while a reception side detects the control signal are provided. For that purpose, a transmission side allocates transmission power corresponding to a pilot pattern determined according to the control information. A corresponding reception side detects control information based on a pilot pattern of pilot bits inserted in a dedicated physical channel (DPCH) and generates transmit power control (TPC) bits referring to a target reception power which is set based on the control information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting a control signal using a symbol or bit pattern of an existing pilot channel, instead of using the time multiplexing method in the separate code channel or the existing physical channel, and reducing an error rate while a reception side detects the control signal are provided. For that purpose, a transmission side allocates transmission power corresponding to a pilot pattern determined according to the control information. A corresponding reception side detects control information based on a pilot pattern of pilot bits inserted in a dedicated physical channel (DPCH) and generates transmit power control (TPC) bits referring to a target reception power which is set based on the control information.