Abstract: A substrate and a method for producing the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a substrate includes a base layer, a black layer formed on the base layer, and column spacers formed on the black layer, wherein a loss rate of spacers measured by a peel test is 15% or less. The substrate can have excellent adhesiveness of the spacer to the base layer or the black layer and ensuring appropriate darkening properties. The method can effectively produce such a substrate without adverse effects such as occurrence of foreign materials without separate treatment such as heat treatment.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes channels, a gate structure, and a source/drain layer. The channels are disposed at a plurality of levels, respectively, and spaced apart from each other in a vertical direction on an upper surface of a substrate. The gate structure is disposed on the substrate, at least partially surrounds a surface of each of the channels, and extends in a first direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the substrate. The source/drain layer is disposed at each of opposite sides of the gate structure in a second direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the substrate and substantially perpendicular to the first direction and is connected to sidewalls of the channels. A length of the gate structure in the second direction changes along the first direction at a first height from the upper surface of the substrate in the vertical direction.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device comprising an active region on a substrate and including first and second sidewalls extending in a first direction and an epitaxial pattern on the active region, wherein the epitaxial pattern includes first and second epitaxial sidewalls extending from the first and second sidewalls, respectively, the first epitaxial sidewall includes a first epitaxial lower sidewall, a first epitaxial upper sidewall, and a first epitaxial connecting sidewall connecting the first epitaxial lower sidewall and the first epitaxial upper sidewall, the second epitaxial sidewall includes a second epitaxial lower sidewall, a second epitaxial upper sidewall, and a second epitaxial connecting sidewall connecting the second epitaxial lower sidewall and the second epitaxial upper sidewall, a distance between the first and second epitaxial upper sidewalls decreases away from the active region, and the first and second epitaxial lower sidewalls extend in parallel to a top surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a plurality of channel layers stacked on the substrate, a gate electrode surrounding the plurality of channel layers, and embedded source/drain layers on opposing sides of the gate electrode. The embedded source/drain layers each have a first region and a second region on the first region. The second region has a plurality of layers having different compositions.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and a method for automatic electronic order creation are disclosed. The system and method may be configured to: receive a digitized document comprising embedded metadata related to contents of the digitized document; analyze the embedded metadata to extract a boundary parameter; generate a unique reference identifier associated with the digitized document and the boundary parameter; receive a first input data setting one or more target measurements for one or more predefined periods of time, wherein a sum of the one or more target measurements is less than or equal to the boundary parameter; receive a second input data setting configuration data for achieving the one or more target measurements; and generate an electronic order based on the configuration data.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and a method for automatic electronic order creation are disclosed. The system and method may be configured to: receive a digitized document comprising embedded metadata related to contents of the digitized document; analyze the embedded metadata to extract a boundary parameter; generate a unique reference identifier associated with the digitized document and the boundary parameter; receive a first input data setting one or more target measurements for one or more predefined periods of time, wherein a sum of the one or more target measurements is less than or equal to the boundary parameter; receive a second input data setting configuration data for achieving the one or more target measurements; and generate an electronic order based on the configuration data.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and a method for automatic electronic order creation are disclosed. The system and method may be configured to: receive a digitized document comprising embedded metadata related to contents of the digitized document; analyze the embedded metadata to extract a boundary parameter; generate a unique reference identifier associated with the digitized document and the boundary parameter; receive a first input data setting one or more target measurements for one or more predefined periods of time, wherein a sum of the one or more target measurements is less than or equal to the boundary parameter; receive a second input data setting configuration data for achieving the one or more target measurements; and generate an electronic order based on the configuration data.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system for optimizing cost of goods sold is configured to: receive supplier configuration data of a supplier associated with the at least one product, supplier configuration data being extracted from an agreement defining parameters associated with one or more tiers; receive an order history associated with the supplier; determine a current tier and current progress within the current tier based on the order history, the current tier being specified by the supplier configuration data; determine an additional quantity necessary to reach a next tier according to the supplier configuration data; determine one or more trade-off parameters affected by the additional quantity, the one or more trade-off parameters being determined by a computerized model simulating future customer demand; and transmit a request to initiate a new order for the additional quantity based on the one or more trade-off parameters.

Abstract: A user preference information structure having a multiple hierarchical structure in which an information is provided to a user according to a user preference in a multi-media environment consisting of an information provider and an information user, comprising user use information by using information desired by the user; user preference information of information desired by the user; and individual user preference information that is differently set depending on situations in which the user is put and positioned in a sub-tree of the user preference information. The hierarchical data structure is able to provide the user preference for providing information desired by the user is provided depending on the environment, based on which various information can be provided.

Abstract: An audio codec system and an encoding method using the same are provided. According to the method, encoding and decoding processes are repeatedly performed so as to determine optimized coding parameters when analog audio signals being inputted are encoded. The processes of encoding and decoding inputted analog audio signals using initial coding parameters, and computing new parameters using a differential computed during the encoding process are repeatedly performed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for reproducing a MIDI-based music file are provided. According to the apparatus and method, a plurality of notes and note reproduction times are extracted from the MIDI file, a section where envelope values of sound source samples exponentially reduce is changed into a linear section, and the sound source samples are outputted according to the note reproduction times by reflecting the slope of the linear section.

Abstract: A user preference information structure having a multiple hierarchical structure in which an information is provided to a user according to a user preference in a multi-media environment consisting of an information provider and an information user, comprising user use information by using information desired by the user; user preference information of information desired by the user; and individual user preference information that is differently set depending on situations in which the user is put and positioned in a sub-tree of the user preference information. The hierarchical data structure is able to provide the user preference for providing information desired by the user is provided depending on the environment, based on which various information can be provided.

Abstract: A user preference information structure having a multiple hierarchical structure in which an information is provided to a user according to a user preference in a multi-media environment consisting of an information provider and an information user, comprising user use information by using information desired by the user; user preference information of information desired by the user; and individual user preference information that is differently set depending on situations in which the user is put and positioned in a sub-tree of the user preference information. The hierarchical data structure is able to provide the user preference for providing information desired by the user is provided depending on the environment, based on which various information can be provided.

Abstract: A video data structure and a video browser for video browsing based on content is disclosed. An embodiment of the present invention allows users to easily understand relationships between characters and changes in relationships between characters in a movie or drama by displaying significant events in connection to corresponding relationships and by displaying character relationships in a tree structure.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method for processing a ringtone in a wireless terminal. Position data of sound source samples corresponding to ringtone contents are extracted in advance and then used to play the ringtone. Musical score data are parsed from ringtone contents, and position data of the sound source samples corresponding to the parsed musical score data are extracted and stored in a database. Instead of parsing the sound source samples each time, by storing the position data of the sound source samples corresponding to the musical score data in a database, system load can be reduced during a real time playback of a ringtone.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method for processing MIDI in a wireless terminal capable of controlling a volume of sound source samples when the MIDI is played. According to the method, a plurality of notes, volume levels, volume section information, and note playback duration information are extracted from an inputted MIDI file. After a volume sample number in each section is calculated using the extracted volume level and the volume section information, a volume of the sound source samples that correspond to a note that is to be played is controlled using the volume sample numbers. Next, frequency of the sound source samples are converted to a frequency assigned to the notes and the sound source samples are outputted, reducing a system load caused by the real-time play of the MIDI.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for synthesizing a MIDI based on a wave table are provided. According to the method, sound samples of a plurality of instruments stored in a wave table are compressed and stored so as to reduce the storage space required by the wave table. Bit streams for the samples are decoded to synthesize a MIDI when a specific instrument's sound samples are requested.

Abstract: A user preference information structure having a multiple hierarchical structure in which an information is provided to a user according to a user preference in a multi-media environment consisting of an information provider and an information user, comprising user use information by using information desired by the user; user preference information of information desired by the user; and individual user preference information that is differently set depending on situations in which the user is put and positioned in a sub-tree of the user preference information. The hierarchical data structure is able to provide the user preference for providing information desired by the user is provided depending on the environment, based on which various information can be provided.

Abstract: A user preference information structure having a multiple hierarchical structure in which an information is provided to a user according to a user preference in a multi-media environment having an information provider and an information user, that can include user use information by using information desired by the user; user preference information of information desired by the user; and individual user preference information that is differently set depending on situations in which the user is put and positioned in a sub-tree of the user preference information. The hierarchical data structure is able to provide the user preference for providing information desired by the user is provided depending on the environment, based on which various information can be provided.

Abstract: A method of receiving or sending data. The data includes a chart (i.e., a histogram). The chart may be grouped into categories (i.e., bins). The order of the categories in the chart is according to the categories ability to discriminate.