Abstract: A vehicle includes a plurality of detachable battery packs that accommodate a rechargeable battery module and a battery management system (BMS) in a case. In a state where the battery pack is installed in the vehicle, the BMS performs information communication with another BMS, and one BMS is a master and communicates with another BMS which is a slave and combines information of the battery packs. In a state where the battery pack is detached from the vehicle, a control of a charging state is independently performed by the BMS with respect to the rechargeable battery module.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a plurality of detachable battery packs that accommodate a rechargeable battery module and a battery management system (BMS) in a case. In a state where the battery pack is installed in the vehicle, the BMS performs information communication with another BMS, and one BMS is a master and communicates with another BMS which is a slave and combines information of the battery packs. In a state where the battery pack is detached from the vehicle, a control of a charging state is independently performed by the BMS with respect to the rechargeable battery module.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy frame part for use in a seat frame of a motorcycle includes a seat mounting section arranged to mount a seat thereon, the seat mounting section extending along a vehicle length direction; a first side wall section extending from the seat mounting section; a second side wall section extending from the seat mounting section and being located on the outer side, along a vehicle width direction, of the first side wall section; and a plurality of protrusions provided at at least one of a boundary between the seat mounting section and the first side wall section and a boundary between the seat mounting section and the second side wall section. The seat mounting section has a thickness greater than at least one of a thickness of the first side wall section and a thickness of the second side wall section.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy part includes a part body composed of a magnesium alloy containing aluminum; a paint film at least partially covering the part body; and a magnesium fluoride layer provided immediately under the paint film. The magnesium alloy has an aluminum content of about 6.5 weight % or less.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy member includes a member main body formed of a magnesium alloy containing aluminum, and an anodic oxidation coating covering at least a portion of the member main body. The anodic oxidation coating includes a porous first layer and a second layer located between the first layer and the member main body and having a higher aluminum content than that of the first layer. The ratio of the thickness of the second layer with respect to the thickness of the anodic oxidation preferably is about 5% to about 20%.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy frame part for use in a seat frame of a motorcycle includes a seat mounting section arranged to mount a seat thereon, the seat mounting section extending along a vehicle length direction; a first side wall section extending from the seat mounting section; a second side wall section extending from the seat mounting section and being located on the outer side, along a vehicle width direction, of the first side wall section; and a plurality of protrusions provided at at least one of a boundary between the seat mounting section and the first side wall section and a boundary between the seat mounting section and the second side wall section. The seat mounting section has a thickness greater than at least one of a thickness of the first side wall section and a thickness of the second side wall section.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy member includes a member main body formed of a magnesium alloy containing aluminum, and an anodic oxidation coating covering at least a portion of the member main body. The anodic oxidation coating includes a porous first layer and a second layer located between the first layer and the member main body and having a higher aluminum content than that of the first layer. The ratio of the thickness of the second layer with respect to the thickness of the anodic oxidation preferably is about 5% to about 20%.

Abstract: A magnesium alloy part includes a part body composed of a magnesium alloy containing aluminum; a paint film at least partially covering the part body; and a magnesium fluoride layer provided immediately under the paint film. The magnesium alloy has an aluminum content of about 6.5 weight % or less.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a cylinder block formed of a metal material, a cylinder liner formed of a metal material different from that of the cylinder block, the cylinder liner being fitted onto the cylinder block, a water jacket provided between the cylinder block and the cylinder liner for retaining a coolant, and a sealing member provided in contact with the cylinder block and the cylinder liner, the sealing member preventing leakage of the coolant from the water jacket. The cylinder block and the cylinder liner have respective positioning surfaces, each of which determines a relative position against the other. The positioning surfaces are provided on the opposite side of the sealing member from the water jacket. The cylinder block and the cylinder liner are spaced apart from each other, in between the sealing member and the water jacket.

Abstract: A valve seat and cylinder head arrangement wherein the valve seat insert is formed from a material having an elongation at rupture of greater than 1 percent so as to facilitate tapered pressing to form a bonded valve seat.

Abstract: An improved method of metallurgically bonding two dissimilar materials to form, for example, a valve seat for an internal combustion engine. The bonding process is coupled by pressing pressure and the application of heat. The process is controlled so that the temperature of the lower melting point material never exceeds its solidus temperature but is close to it. Plastic deformation occurs in the base material but the base material is not liquefied.

Abstract: A cylinder head assembly for an internal combustion engine having a bonded valve seat. The cylinder head material is chosen as an aluminum alloy that has certain physical and electrical characteristics so as to improve the bonding strength between the cylinder head and the insert which forms in substantial part the valve seat.

Abstract: A method of forming a bonded valve seat and testing the resulting bond strength in ensure that the desired characteristics have been achieved. The testing is done both during the bonding process and at the completion of the process.

Abstract: An improved method of forming a bonded valve seat for a cylinder head wherein the configuration of the insert ring and cylinder head recess is such to ensure good bonding over the entire area and the proper amount of sinking of the insert ring into the cylinder head.

Abstract: A cylinder head for a reciprocating machine such as an internal combustion engine wherein the valve seat inserts are metallurgically bonded to the cylinder head. The configuration of the inserts is such as to reduce unit stresses to resist creep deformation during engine operation. A number of embodiments are illustrated and described that achieve this result.

Abstract: A valve seat and cylinder head arrangement wherein the valve seat is formed by a pressing and electrical heating operation to form a bonded valve seat.

Abstract: A method of forming and a cylinder head for a reciprocating machine wherein the valve seat inserts can be formed from relatively small insert rings. The insert rings are fixed in place and are configured so that the end of the passage terminating in the chamber of the machine has substantially no straight sections and progressively increases in diameter toward the chamber which it serves.

Abstract: A valve seat-bonded cylinder head, in which a valve seat is bonded to a cylinder head unit, which valve seat is formed of material different from and harder than that of said cylinder head unit, wherein the valve seat is bonded to the cylinder head unit by solid-state diffusion, without forming a melting reaction layer therebetween, and a plastic deformation layer is formed on the bonding boundary at least on the cylinder head unit side, thereby allowing for an increase in the bonding strength, and reduction in the size of the valve seat area.

Abstract: A valve seat insert for use in forming a metallurgically bonded valve seat for a light alloy casting. The valve seat insert is comprised of a base formed from a sintered material selected from the group of ferrous, copper or nickel and is provided with a coating selected from the group of copper, tin, zinc, silicon, aluminum or silver or an alloy thereof. The coating forms an eutectic alloy with the aluminum of the cylinder head which eutectic alloy has a melting point lower than that of either the aluminum or the coating.

Abstract: A method for affixing a valve seat insert into a cylinder head recess using pressure or pressure in conjunction with resistance welding. The preferred method avoids the creation of tensile stresses within the valve seat insert during installation into the cylinder head. Further, the method reduces the size of an opening of the valve seat insert during installation. In addition, the application of pressure and the respective shapes of the recess and valve seat insert are such that a moment is not created in the insert which would result in the application of tensile forces on the insert. A lower surface opposite the combustion chamber of the valve seat insert is disposed at an angle to the opening within a range of .+-.15.degree. to a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the opening. Additionally, the valve seat insert may comprise multiple components which, when resistance welded to the cylinder head, form a plurality of intermetallic layers having gradually varying coefficients of thermal expansion.