Abstract: A grating with a large aspect ratio is disclosed, in particular to be used as an X-ray optical grating in a CT system and in particular produced by a lithography method. In at least one embodiment, the grating includes a multiplicity of recurring alternating grating webs and grating gaps with a height, and a multiplicity of filler beams, respectively arranged in the grating gaps with a spacing from one another in the direction of the gaps, which beams connect respectively adjacent grating webs over their height. In at least one embodiment, the grating webs and the grating gaps run from a first to a second side of the grating, and a filler beam has a width in the direction of the gaps and this width is at most 10% of the spacing between two adjacent filler beams. In at least one embodiment, the spacings between respective adjacent filler beams in a grating gap do not vary by more than 10% in the entire grating.

Abstract: A grating with a large aspect ratio is disclosed, in particular to be used as an X-ray optical grating in a CT system and in particular produced by a lithography method. In at least one embodiment, the grating includes a multiplicity of recurring alternating grating webs and grating gaps with a height, and a multiplicity of filler beams, respectively arranged in the grating gaps with a spacing from one another in the direction of the gaps, which beams connect respectively adjacent grating webs over their height. In at least one embodiment, the grating webs and the grating gaps run from a first to a second side of the grating, and a filler beam has a width in the direction of the gaps and this width is at most 10% of the spacing between two adjacent filler beams. In at least one embodiment, the spacings between respective adjacent filler beams in a grating gap do not vary by more than 10% in the entire grating.

Abstract: A measuring head (4) according to the invention comprises the combination of a zone lens (26), which is preferably a diffractive lens, with a hemispherical lens (23) or a GRIN lens (33). This represents a concept capable of miniaturization, resulting in very slender measuring heads (4) having a high numeric aperture and, accordingly, leads to the best resolution capacity. Such measuring heads are insensitive to angular errors as concerns the orientation of the measuring head to the surface to be measured or to an oblique positioning of the surface relative to the optical axis of the measuring head.

Abstract: In an x-ray lens for focusing x-rays over a large energy range wherein the lens comprises a large number of lens elements, the lens elements have a quasi-parabolic profile Y(x) according to the equation Y(x)=x2/2[(r+f(x))] Wherein x represents the parabola axis, l/2r represents the half parameter of the parabola and f(x) represents a function different from zero.

Abstract: A measuring head (4) according to the invention comprises the combination of a zone lens (26), which is preferably a diffractive lens, with a hemispherical lens (23) or a GRIN lens (33). This represents a concept capable of miniaturization, resulting in very slender measuring heads (4) having a high numeric aperture and, accordingly, leads to the best resolution capacity. Such measuring heads are insensitive to angular errors as concerns the orientation of the measuring head to the surface to be measured or to an oblique positioning of the surface relative to the optical axis of the measuring head.

Abstract: In an x-ray lens for focusing x-rays over a large energy range wherein the lens comprises a large number of lens elements, the lens elements have a quasi-parabolic profile Y(x) according to the equation Y(x)=x2/2[(r+f(x))] Wherein x represents the parabola axis, l/2r represents the half parameter of the parabola and f(x) represents a function different from zero.

Abstract: An optical distance sensor includes a first substrate provided with a light emitting element and a light detecting element, a one-piece optical structure body on a second substrate, the optical structure body having optical elements for converging incident light in a direction parallel to a surface of the second substrate and for converging an outgoing light beam from the light emitting element and a light beam reflected by an object in the direction parallel to the surface of the second substrate, and lenses for converging incident light in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the second substrate and for converging the outgoing light beam from the light emitting element and the light beam reflected by the object in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the second substrate, respectively.

Abstract: A sensor head includes a first substrate provided with a light emitting element and a light detecting element, a one-piece optical structure body on a second substrate, the optical structure body having optical elements for converging incident light in a direction parallel to a surface of the second substrate and for converging an outgoing beam from the light emitting element and a light beam reflected by an object in the direction parallel to the surface of the second substrate, and lenses for converging incident light in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the second substrate and for converging the outgoing beam from the light emitting element and the light beam reflected by the object in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the second substrate, respectively.

Abstract: Alkali metal ions are separated off from alkoxylates containing alkali metal ions by a process comprising: a) dilution of the alkali metal-containing alkoxylate with an inert solvent, b) treatment of the alkali metal-containing solution of the alkoxylate with a cationic exchanger in order to obtain a substantially alkali metal-free solution of the alkoxylate, and c) removal of the solvent from the substantially alkali metal-free solution of the alkoxylate in order to obtain a substantially alkali metal-free and substantially solvent-free alkoxylate.

Abstract: Alkali metal ions are separated off from alkoxylates containing alkali metal ions by a process comprising:

Abstract: A sensor head includes a first substrate provided with a light emitting element and a light receiving element, an optical structure body formed in one piece on a second substrate, the optical structure body having a plurality of optical elements intended for converging incident light in a parallel direction to a surface of the second substrate, for converging an outgoing beam from the light emitting element and a light beam reflected by an object to be measured in the parallel direction to the surface of the second substrate, and lenses intended for converging incident light in a perpendicular direction to the surface of the second substrate, for converging the outgoing beam from the light emitting element and the light beam reflected by the object to be measured in the perpendicular direction to the surface of the second substrate, respectively.

Abstract: In a process for isolating alkylene glycol having a low aldehyde content, in which a mixture comprising alkylene glycol is subjected to a final distillation, formic acid or a formate or a mixture of two or more formates or a mixture of formic acid and one or more formates is present in the mixture comprising alkylene glycol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alkoxylated polyalkyleneimine soil dispersant having the formula: wherein R is C2-C6 linear alkylene, C3-C6 branched alkylene, and mixtures thereof; B is a continuation by branching; E is an alkyleneoxy unit having the formula: —(R1O)m(R2O)nR3 wherein R1 is 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, and mixtures thereof; R2 is ethylene; R3 is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, and mixtures thereof; m is from about 1 to about 10; n is from about 10 to about 40; w, x and y are each independently from about 4 to about 200; provided at least one —(R1O) unit is attached to the backbone prior to attachment of an —(R2O) unit and further provided m+n is at least 12.

Abstract: A process for recovering glycols from used glycol-containing technical fluids, especially from used antifreeze comprises adding to the used glycol-containing technical fluids an organic solvent which forms with the glycol to be separated off an azeotropic mixture which has a lower boiling point than the glycol itself and distilling off this azeotropic mixture.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of 1,3-dioxolan-2-ones such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate by reacting a corresponding oxirane with carbon dioxide in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst comprises conducting the reaction in a two-part reactor in whose first part the reaction is taken with backmixing to a conversion of not less than 80% of the oxirane II and in whose second part the reaction is completed under nonbackmixing conditions, and passing the carbon dioxide in countercurrent to the oxirane II in the entire reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alkoxylated polyalkyleneimine soil dispersant having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 linear alkylene, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 branched alkylene, and mixtures thereof; B is a continuation by branching; E is an alkyleneoxy unit having the formula:--(R.sup.1 O).sub.m (R.sup.2 O).sub.n R.sup.3wherein R.sup.1 is 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, and mixtures thereof; R.sup.2 is ethylene; R.sup.3 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, and mixtures thereof; m is from about 1 to about 10; n is from about 10 to about 40; w, x and y are each independently from about 4 to about 200; provided at least one --(R.sup.1 O) unit is attached to the backbone prior to attachment of an --(R.sup.2 O) unit and further provided m+n is at least 12.

Abstract: A process for obtaining glycols of low aldehyde content in which the plant used to obtain the glycol(s) is surface-treated, in whole or in part, with at least one reductive phosphorus compound.

Abstract: Thermally curable mixtures of hydroxyalkylated polyamines and polycarboxylic acids are formaldehyde-free and particularly useful as binders for shaped articles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for evaporating a liquid containing vaporizable oxidation-sensitive compounds in an evaporator in which the liquid is brought into contact with a heated solid surface for evaporation, by a process in which direct contact between the resulting vapor phase and the heated solid surface is substantially avoided. It also directed to an evaporator composed of a heatable solid surface (16), an apparatus (2, 3) for heating the solid surface and an apparatus (10) for feeding a liquid containing vaporizable compounds to the heatable solid surface, wherein the apparatus for feeding the liquid is designed and arranged in the evaporator in such a way (12, 14, 18) that direct contact between a resulting vapor phase and the heatable solid surface is substantially avoided.

Abstract: Fuel or lubricant additives based on reaction products of an ethylenically unsaturated poly-1-alkene derived from one or more 1-alkenes of 3 to 24 carbon atoms and from 0 to 50% by weight of ethene, processes for their preparation and fuel or lubricant compositions containing these additives are described.